Abstract：
Twin births are related with maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. Little was known about the comparability of the cognitive, behavioral development and brain structure between twins and singletons in early adolescence. This retrospective cohort study was based on data from the United States population-based, prospective, longitudinal observational Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Children with complete twin status information were enrolled, and the exposure variable was twin status. Primary outcomes were cognitive, behavioral development and brain structure in early adolescence. Cognitive and behavioral outcomes were assessed by using the NIH Toolbox and Child Behavioral Checklist, respectively. Brain structure was evaluated by the cortical thickness, area, and volume extracted from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Subgroup analyses were conducted by prematurity, birth weight, with sibling, genetic profiles, and twin types (zygosity). From 1st September 2016 to 15th November 2018, 11545 children (9477 singletons and 2068 twins) aged 9-10 years were enrolled. Twins showed mildly lower cognitive performance (|t|> 5.104, P-values < 0.001, False Discovery Rate [FDR] < 0.001), better behavioral outcome (|t|> 2.441, P-values < 0.015, FDR < 0.042), such as lower scores for multiple psychiatric disorders and behavioral issues, and smaller cortical volume (t = - 3.854, P-values < 0.001, FDR < 0.001) and cortical area (t = - 3.872, P-values < 0.001, FDR < 0.001). The observed differences still held when stratified for prematurity, birth weight, presence of siblings, genetic profiles, and twin types (zygosity). Furthermore, analyses on the two-year follow-up data showed consistent results with baseline data. Twin status is associated with lower cognitive and better behavioral development in early adolescence accompanied by altered brain structure. Clinicians should be aware of the possible difference when generalizing results from adolescent twin samples to singletons.
摘要：
双胎分娩与母体和胎儿的不良结局有关。对认知的可比性知之甚少，青春期早期双胞胎和单胎之间的行为发育和大脑结构。这项回顾性队列研究基于美国以人口为基础的数据，prospective,纵向观察性青少年脑认知发育研究.有完整双胞胎状态信息的儿童被登记，暴露变量是双胞胎状态。主要结果是认知，青春期早期的行为发育和大脑结构。认知和行为结果通过使用NIH工具箱和儿童行为清单进行评估，分别。通过皮质厚度评估大脑结构，area,和从磁共振成像（MRI）数据提取的体积。亚组分析按早产进行，出生体重,有兄弟姐妹,遗传概况,和双胞胎类型（接合性）。从2016年9月1日至2018年11月15日，纳入了11545名9-10岁儿童（9477名单胎和2068名双胞胎）。双胞胎表现出轻度较低的认知表现（|t|>5.104，P值<0.001，错误发现率[FDR]<0.001），更好的行为结果(|t|>2.441，P值<0.015，FDR<0.042)，比如多种精神疾病和行为问题的得分较低，和较小的皮质体积（t=-3.854，P值<0.001，FDR<0.001）和皮质面积（t=-3.872，P值<0.001，FDR<0.001）。当对早产进行分层时，观察到的差异仍然存在，出生体重,兄弟姐妹的存在，遗传概况,和双胞胎类型（接合性）。此外，对2年随访数据的分析显示结果与基线数据一致.双生子状态与青春期早期认知能力降低和行为发育良好相关，并伴有大脑结构改变。临床医生在将青少年双胞胎样本的结果推广到单胎时应该意识到可能的差异。
