Abstract：
Although the knowledge of the skeletal morphology of bees has progressed enormously, a corresponding advance has not happened for the muscular system. Most of the knowledge about bee musculature was generated over 50 years ago, well before the digital revolution for anatomical imaging, including the application of microcomputed tomography. This technique, in particular, has made it possible to dissect small insects digitally, document anatomy efficiently and in detail, and visualize these data three dimensionally. In this study, we document the skeletomuscular system of a cuckoo bee, Thyreus albomaculatus and, with that, we provide a 3D atlas of bee skeletomuscular anatomy. The results obtained for Thyreus are compared with representatives of two other bee families (Andrenidae and Halictidae), to evaluate the generality of our morphological conclusions. Besides documenting 199 specific muscles in terms of origin, insertion, and structure, we update the interpretation of complex homologies in the maxillolabial complex of bee mouthparts. We also clarify the complicated 3D structure of the cephalic endoskeleton, identifying the tentorial, hypostomal, and postgenal structures and their connecting regions. We describe the anatomy of the medial elevator muscles of the head, precisely identifying their origins and insertions as well as their homologs in other groups of Hymenoptera. We reject the hypothesis that the synapomorphic propodeal triangle of Apoidea is homologous with the metapostnotum, and instead recognize that this is a modification of the third phragma. We recognize two previously undocumented metasomal muscle groups in bees, clarifying the serial skeletomusculature of the metasoma and revealing shortcomings of Snodgrass\' \"internal-external\" terminological system for the abdomen. Finally, we elucidate the muscular structure of the sting apparatus, resolving previously unclear interpretations. The work conducted herein not only provides new insights into bee morphology but also represents a source for future phenomic research on Hymenoptera.
摘要：
尽管对蜜蜂骨骼形态的认识有了巨大的进步，肌肉系统没有发生相应的进步。关于蜜蜂肌肉组织的大部分知识是在50多年前产生的，在解剖成像的数字革命之前，包括显微计算机断层扫描的应用。这项技术,特别是,使得以数字方式解剖小昆虫成为可能，有效而详细地记录解剖学，并将这些数据三维可视化。在这项研究中,我们记录了布谷鸟蜜蜂的骨骼系统，百里香和，与此相关,我们提供了蜜蜂骨骼解剖的3D图集。将Thyreus的结果与其他两个蜜蜂科（Andrenidae和Halictidae）的代表进行比较，评估我们形态学结论的一般性。除了记录199个特定的肌肉来源，插入,和结构，我们更新了蜜蜂口器上颌唇复合体中复杂同源性的解释。我们还阐明了头部内骨骼的复杂3D结构，识别替罪羊,造口症,后代结构及其连接区域。我们描述了头部内侧肌肉的解剖结构，精确识别它们的起源和插入以及它们在膜翅目其他组中的同源物。我们拒绝这样的假设，即Apoidea的突触拟态三角形与后齿同源，而是认识到这是对第三个短语的修改。我们在蜜蜂中认识到两个以前没有记载的代谢肌肉群，阐明了转移瘤的连续骨骼系统，并揭示了Snodgrass“内部-外部”腹部术语系统的缺点。最后,我们阐明了刺痛装置的肌肉结构，解决以前不清楚的解释。本文进行的工作不仅为蜜蜂形态提供了新的见解，而且还为膜翅目的未来表型研究提供了来源。
