PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Adjuvants, materials added to vaccines to enhance the resulting immune response, are important components of vaccination that are many times overlooked. While vaccines always include an antigen to tell the body what to vaccinate to, of equal importance the adjuvant provides the how, a significant factor in producing a complete response. The adjuvant space has been slow to develop with the first use of an adjuvant in a licensed vaccine occurring in the 1930s, and remaining the only adjuvant in licensed vaccines for the next 80 years. However, with vaccination at the forefront of protection against new and complex pathogens, it is important to consider all components when designing an effective vaccine. Here we summarize the adjuvant space in licensed vaccines as well as the novel adjuvant space in clinical trials with a specific focus on the materials utilized and their resulting impact on the immune response. We discuss five major categories of adjuvant materials: aluminum salts, nanoparticles, viral vectors, TLR agonists, and emulsions. For each category, we delve into the current clinical trials space, the impact of these materials on vaccination, as well as some of the ways in which they could be improved. Adjuvants present an exciting opportunity to improve vaccine responses and stability, this review will help inform about the current progress of this space.
UNASSIGNED: In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines for infectious diseases have come into the spotlight. While antigens have always been an important focus of vaccine design, the adjuvant is a significant tool for enhancing the immune response to the vaccine that has been largely underdeveloped. This article provides a broad review of the history of adjuvants and, the current vaccine adjuvant space, and the progress seen in adjuvants in clinical trials. There is specific emphasis on the material landscape for adjuvants and their resulting mechanism of action. Looking ahead, while the novel vaccine adjuvant space features exciting new technologies and materials, there is still a need for more to meet the protective needs of new and complex pathogens.
UNASSIGNED: In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines for infectious diseases have come into the spotlight. While antigens have always been an important focus of vaccine design, the adjuvant is a significant tool for enhancing the immune response to the vaccine that has been largely underdeveloped. This article provides a broad review of the history of adjuvants and, the current vaccine adjuvant space, and the progress seen in adjuvants in clinical trials. There is specific emphasis on the material landscape for adjuvants and their resulting mechanism of action. Looking ahead, while the novel vaccine adjuvant space features exciting new technologies and materials, there is still a need for more to meet the protective needs of new and complex pathogens.
摘要：
佐剂,向疫苗中添加材料以增强由此产生的免疫反应，是疫苗接种的重要组成部分，多次被忽视。虽然疫苗总是包含一种抗原来告诉身体接种什么疫苗，同样重要的是，佐剂提供了如何，产生完整反应的重要因素。随着1930年代首次在许可疫苗中使用佐剂，佐剂空间发展缓慢，并且在接下来的80年中仍然是许可疫苗中唯一的佐剂。然而,将疫苗接种放在预防新的和复杂的病原体的最前沿，设计有效疫苗时，必须考虑所有成分。在这里，我们总结了许可疫苗中的佐剂空间以及临床试验中的新型佐剂空间，特别关注所使用的材料及其对免疫反应的影响。我们讨论了五种主要的佐剂材料：铝盐，纳米粒子，病毒载体,TLR激动剂,和乳液。对于每个类别，我们深入研究当前的临床试验空间，这些材料对疫苗接种的影响，以及它们可以改进的一些方法。佐剂为改善疫苗反应和稳定性提供了一个令人兴奋的机会，这次审查将有助于了解这个空间的当前进展。
■在COVID-19大流行之后，传染病疫苗已经成为人们关注的焦点。虽然抗原一直是疫苗设计的重要焦点，佐剂是增强对疫苗免疫反应的重要工具，该疫苗在很大程度上是不发达的。本文对佐剂的历史进行了广泛的回顾，目前的疫苗佐剂空间，以及临床试验中佐剂的进展。特别强调佐剂的材料景观及其产生的作用机制。展望未来,而新的疫苗佐剂空间具有令人兴奋的新技术和材料，仍然需要更多的来满足新的和复杂的病原体的保护需求。
■在COVID-19大流行之后，传染病疫苗已经成为人们关注的焦点。虽然抗原一直是疫苗设计的重要焦点，佐剂是增强对疫苗免疫反应的重要工具，该疫苗在很大程度上是不发达的。本文对佐剂的历史进行了广泛的回顾，目前的疫苗佐剂空间，以及临床试验中佐剂的进展。特别强调佐剂的材料景观及其产生的作用机制。展望未来,而新的疫苗佐剂空间具有令人兴奋的新技术和材料，仍然需要更多的来满足新的和复杂的病原体的保护需求。
