PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Lysine acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved protein modification that changes protein functions and plays an essential role in many cellular processes, such as central metabolism, transcriptional regulation, chemotaxis, and pathogen virulence. It can alter DNA binding, enzymatic activity, protein-protein interactions, protein stability, or protein localization. In prokaryotes, lysine acetylation occurs non-enzymatically and by the action of lysine acetyltransferases (KAT). In enzymatic acetylation, KAT transfers the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) to the lysine side chain. In contrast, acetyl phosphate (AcP) is the acetyl donor of chemical acetylation. Regardless of the acetylation type, the removal of acetyl groups from acetyl lysines occurs only enzymatically by lysine deacetylases (KDAC). KATs are grouped into three main superfamilies based on their catalytic domain sequences and biochemical characteristics of catalysis. Specifically, members of the GNAT are found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and have a core structural domain architecture. These enzymes can acetylate small molecules, metabolites, peptides, and proteins. This review presents current knowledge of acetylation mechanisms and functional implications in bacterial metabolism, pathogenicity, stress response, translation, and the emerging topic of protein acetylation in the gut microbiome. Additionally, the methods used to elucidate the biological significance of acetylation in bacteria, such as relative quantification and stoichiometry quantification, and the genetic code expansion tool (CGE), are reviewed.
摘要：
赖氨酸乙酰化是一种进化上保守的蛋白质修饰，可改变蛋白质功能，并在许多细胞过程中发挥重要作用。比如中枢新陈代谢，转录调控，趋化性,和病原体毒力。它可以改变DNA结合，酶活性，蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用，蛋白质稳定性，或蛋白质定位。在原核生物中,赖氨酸乙酰化非酶促发生，并通过赖氨酸乙酰转移酶（KAT）的作用。在酶促乙酰化中，KAT将乙酰基从乙酰辅酶A(AcCoA)转移到赖氨酸侧链。相比之下,乙酰磷酸(AcP)是化学乙酰化的乙酰供体。无论乙酰化类型如何,从乙酰基赖氨酸中去除乙酰基仅通过赖氨酸脱乙酰酶（KDAC）酶促发生。根据其催化结构域序列和催化的生化特性，将KAT分为三个主要的超家族。具体来说,GNAT的成员存在于真核生物和原核生物中，并具有核心结构域体系结构。这些酶可以乙酰化小分子，代谢物，肽，和蛋白质。这篇综述介绍了细菌代谢中乙酰化机制和功能含义的最新知识，致病性，应激反应，翻译,以及肠道微生物组中蛋白质乙酰化的新兴主题。此外,用于阐明细菌中乙酰化的生物学意义的方法，例如相对定量和化学计量定量，和遗传密码扩展工具(CGE)，被审查。
