Abstract：
The rapid emergence and global spread of antimicrobial resistance in recent years have raised significant concerns about the future of modern medicine. Superbugs and multidrugresistant bacteria have become endemic in many parts of the world, raising the specter of untreatable infections. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials over the past 80 years have undoubtedly contributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance, placing immense pressure on healthcare systems worldwide. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying antimicrobial resistance in bacteria have existed since ancient times. Some of these mechanisms and processes have served as the precursors of current resistance determinants, highlighting the ongoing arms race between bacteria and their antimicrobial adversaries. Moreover, the environment harbors many putative resistance genes, yet we cannot still predict which of these genes will emerge and manifest as pathogenic resistance phenotypes. The presence of antibiotics in natural habitats, even at sub-inhibitory concentrations, may provide selective pressures that favor the emergence of novel antimicrobial resistance apparatus and, thus, underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of the factors driving the persistence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. As the development of antimicrobial strategies that evade resistance is urgently needed, a clear perception of these critical factors could ultimately pave the way for the design of innovative therapeutic targets.
摘要：
近年来，抗生素耐药性的迅速出现和全球传播引起了人们对现代医学未来的重大关注。超级细菌和多重耐药细菌已在世界许多地方流行，提高了无法治愈的感染的幽灵。在过去的80年中，抗生素的过度使用和滥用无疑促进了抗生素耐药性的发展。给全世界的医疗系统带来巨大的压力。尽管如此，细菌耐药性的分子机制自古以来就存在。这些机制和过程中的一些已经作为电流电阻决定因素的前体，强调细菌和抗菌对手之间正在进行的军备竞赛。此外，环境中含有许多推定的抗性基因，然而，我们仍然无法预测这些基因中的哪一个会出现并表现为致病性抗性表型。抗生素在自然栖息地的存在，即使在亚抑制浓度下，可能会提供选择性压力，有利于新型抗微生物耐药性设备的出现，因此，强调需要全面了解推动抗菌素耐药性持续和传播的因素。由于迫切需要开发逃避耐药性的抗菌策略，对这些关键因素的清晰认识最终可以为创新治疗靶点的设计铺平道路.
