Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Pollutants including metals/metalloids, nitrate, disinfection byproducts, and volatile organic compounds contaminate federally regulated community water systems (CWS) and unregulated domestic wells across the United States. Exposures and associated health effects, particularly at levels below regulatory limits, are understudied.
OBJECTIVE: We described drinking water sources and exposures for the California Teachers Study (CTS), a prospective cohort of female California teachers and administrators.
METHODS: Participants\' geocoded addresses at enrollment (1995-1996) were linked to CWS service area boundaries and monitoring data (N = 115,206, 92%); we computed average (1990-2015) concentrations of arsenic, uranium, nitrate, gross alpha (GA), five haloacetic acids (HAA5), total trihalomethanes (TTHM), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (PCE). We used generalized linear regression to estimate geometric mean ratios of CWS exposures across demographic subgroups and neighborhood characteristics. Self-reported drinking water source and consumption at follow-up (2017-2019) were also described.
RESULTS: Medians (interquartile ranges) of average concentrations of all contaminants were below regulatory limits: arsenic: 1.03 (0.54,1.71) µg/L, uranium: 3.48 (1.01,6.18) µg/L, GA: 2.21 (1.32,3.67) pCi/L, nitrate: 0.54 (0.20,1.97) mg/L, HAA5: 8.67 (2.98,14.70) µg/L, and TTHM: 12.86 (4.58,21.95) µg/L. Among those who lived within a CWS boundary and self-reported drinking water information (2017-2019), approximately 74% self-reported their water source as municipal, 15% bottled, 2% private well, 4% other, and 5% did not know/missing. Spatially linked water source was largely consistent with self-reported source at follow-up (2017-2019). Relative to non-Hispanic white participants, average arsenic, uranium, GA, and nitrate concentrations were higher for Black, Hispanic and Native American participants. Relative to participants living in census block groups in the lowest socioeconomic status (SES) quartile, participants in higher SES quartiles had lower arsenic/uranium/GA/nitrate, and higher HAA5/TTHM. Non-metropolitan participants had higher arsenic/uranium/nitrate, and metropolitan participants had higher HAA5/TTHM.
CONCLUSIONS: Though average water contaminant levels were mostly below regulatory limits in this large cohort of California women, we observed heterogeneity in exposures across sociodemographic subgroups and neighborhood characteristics. These data will be used to support future assessments of drinking water exposures and disease risk.
OBJECTIVE: We described drinking water sources and exposures for the California Teachers Study (CTS), a prospective cohort of female California teachers and administrators.
METHODS: Participants\' geocoded addresses at enrollment (1995-1996) were linked to CWS service area boundaries and monitoring data (N = 115,206, 92%); we computed average (1990-2015) concentrations of arsenic, uranium, nitrate, gross alpha (GA), five haloacetic acids (HAA5), total trihalomethanes (TTHM), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (PCE). We used generalized linear regression to estimate geometric mean ratios of CWS exposures across demographic subgroups and neighborhood characteristics. Self-reported drinking water source and consumption at follow-up (2017-2019) were also described.
RESULTS: Medians (interquartile ranges) of average concentrations of all contaminants were below regulatory limits: arsenic: 1.03 (0.54,1.71) µg/L, uranium: 3.48 (1.01,6.18) µg/L, GA: 2.21 (1.32,3.67) pCi/L, nitrate: 0.54 (0.20,1.97) mg/L, HAA5: 8.67 (2.98,14.70) µg/L, and TTHM: 12.86 (4.58,21.95) µg/L. Among those who lived within a CWS boundary and self-reported drinking water information (2017-2019), approximately 74% self-reported their water source as municipal, 15% bottled, 2% private well, 4% other, and 5% did not know/missing. Spatially linked water source was largely consistent with self-reported source at follow-up (2017-2019). Relative to non-Hispanic white participants, average arsenic, uranium, GA, and nitrate concentrations were higher for Black, Hispanic and Native American participants. Relative to participants living in census block groups in the lowest socioeconomic status (SES) quartile, participants in higher SES quartiles had lower arsenic/uranium/GA/nitrate, and higher HAA5/TTHM. Non-metropolitan participants had higher arsenic/uranium/nitrate, and metropolitan participants had higher HAA5/TTHM.
CONCLUSIONS: Though average water contaminant levels were mostly below regulatory limits in this large cohort of California women, we observed heterogeneity in exposures across sociodemographic subgroups and neighborhood characteristics. These data will be used to support future assessments of drinking water exposures and disease risk.
摘要：
背景：污染物，包括金属/类金属，硝酸盐,消毒副产物，挥发性有机化合物污染了美国联邦监管的社区供水系统（CWS）和不受监管的家庭水井。暴露和相关的健康影响，特别是在低于监管限制的水平，研究不足。
目的：我们描述了加州教师研究（CTS）的饮用水源和暴露，加州女性教师和行政人员的预期队列。
方法：注册时的参与者地理编码地址（1995-1996年）与CWS服务区域边界和监测数据（N=115,206，92％）相关联；我们计算了砷的平均浓度（1990-2015年），铀,硝酸盐,总α（GA），五种卤代乙酸（HAA5），总三卤甲烷（TTHM），三氯乙烯(TCE),和四氯乙烯(PCE)。我们使用广义线性回归来估计人口统计学子群和邻域特征的CWS暴露的几何平均比率。还描述了自我报告的饮用水来源和后续(2017-2019年)的消费量。
结果：所有污染物的平均浓度的中位数（四分位数范围）低于监管限值：砷：1.03（0.54,1.71）µg/L，铀：3.48（1.01,6.18）µg/L，GA:2.21(1.32,3.67)pCi/L,硝酸盐:0.54(0.20,1.97)mg/L,HAA5:8.67(2.98,14.70)µg/L,和TTHM：12.86（4.58,21.95）µg/L在居住在CWS边界内和自我报告的饮用水信息（2017-2019）中，大约74%的人自我报告他们的水源是市政的，15%瓶装,2%私人井，其他4%,5%的人不知道/失踪。空间关联的水源在随访时(2017-2019年)与自我报告的水源基本一致。相对于非西班牙裔白人参与者，平均砷，铀,GA,黑色的硝酸盐浓度更高，西班牙裔和美洲原住民参与者。相对于生活在社会经济地位最低(SES)四分位数的人口普查区块组的参与者，SES四分位数较高的参与者砷/铀/GA/硝酸盐较低，和更高的HAA5/TTHM。非大都市参与者的砷/铀/硝酸盐含量较高，大都市参与者的HAA5/TTHM较高。
结论：尽管在这一大群加州女性中，平均水污染水平大多低于监管限值，我们观察到社会人口统计学亚组和邻里特征之间的暴露异质性。这些数据将用于支持未来对饮用水暴露和疾病风险的评估。
目的：我们描述了加州教师研究（CTS）的饮用水源和暴露，加州女性教师和行政人员的预期队列。
方法：注册时的参与者地理编码地址（1995-1996年）与CWS服务区域边界和监测数据（N=115,206，92％）相关联；我们计算了砷的平均浓度（1990-2015年），铀,硝酸盐,总α（GA），五种卤代乙酸（HAA5），总三卤甲烷（TTHM），三氯乙烯(TCE),和四氯乙烯(PCE)。我们使用广义线性回归来估计人口统计学子群和邻域特征的CWS暴露的几何平均比率。还描述了自我报告的饮用水来源和后续(2017-2019年)的消费量。
结果：所有污染物的平均浓度的中位数（四分位数范围）低于监管限值：砷：1.03（0.54,1.71）µg/L，铀：3.48（1.01,6.18）µg/L，GA:2.21(1.32,3.67)pCi/L,硝酸盐:0.54(0.20,1.97)mg/L,HAA5:8.67(2.98,14.70)µg/L,和TTHM：12.86（4.58,21.95）µg/L在居住在CWS边界内和自我报告的饮用水信息（2017-2019）中，大约74%的人自我报告他们的水源是市政的，15%瓶装,2%私人井，其他4%,5%的人不知道/失踪。空间关联的水源在随访时(2017-2019年)与自我报告的水源基本一致。相对于非西班牙裔白人参与者，平均砷，铀,GA,黑色的硝酸盐浓度更高，西班牙裔和美洲原住民参与者。相对于生活在社会经济地位最低(SES)四分位数的人口普查区块组的参与者，SES四分位数较高的参与者砷/铀/GA/硝酸盐较低，和更高的HAA5/TTHM。非大都市参与者的砷/铀/硝酸盐含量较高，大都市参与者的HAA5/TTHM较高。
结论：尽管在这一大群加州女性中，平均水污染水平大多低于监管限值，我们观察到社会人口统计学亚组和邻里特征之间的暴露异质性。这些数据将用于支持未来对饮用水暴露和疾病风险的评估。
