PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Rapid urbanization has led to increasingly prominent urban heat island phenomena and social inequality. It is urgent to quantify the threshold area of urban parks from multiple perspectives to maximize the cooling effect and improve the equity of park cooling services. Using 33 urban parks in Harbin City as research objects, four indices, i.e., park cooling intensity (PCI), park cooling distance (PCD), park cooling area (PCA), and park cooling efficiency (PCE), were used to explore the park cooling effect and the threshold value of efficiency (TVoE) of the size. The OD (origin-destination) matrix model was constructed to assess the spatial accessibility from the community to the cooling range. The Gini coefficient was used to assess the equity of cooling range accessibility. The relative contribution of each influencing factor to the cooling indicator was quantified through regression modeling. The results showed that the average PCI was 3.27 ℃, the average PCD was 277 m, the average PCA was 115.35 ha, and the average PCE was 5.74. Gray space area was the dominant factor for PCI, PCD, and PCA (relative contributions of 100%, 31%, and 19%, respectively). Park area was the dominant factor for PCE (relative contribution of 28%). The TVoE of park sizes based on PCA and PCE were calculated as 82.37 ha and 2.56 ha, respectively. 39.2% and 94.01% of communities can reach cooling ranges within 15 min in walk mode and transit mode, respectively. Approximately 18% of neighborhood residents are experiencing severe inequities in cooling range accessibility. This study can guide park design that maximizes cooling effects, as well as inform city planners on more equitable allocation of urban park resources.
摘要：
快速城市化导致城市热岛现象和社会不平等日益突出。迫切需要从多个角度量化城市公园的门槛面积，以最大限度地发挥降温效果，提高公园降温服务的公平性。以哈尔滨市33个城市公园为研究对象,四个指数，即，停车冷却强度(PCI)，停车冷却距离(PCD),公园冷却区（PCA），和公园冷却效率(PCE)，用于探索公园冷却效果和效率阈值（TVoE）的大小。构建了OD（起点-目的地）矩阵模型，以评估从社区到冷却范围的空间可达性。基尼系数用于评估冷却范围可达性的公平性。通过回归模型量化各影响因素对降温指标的相对贡献。结果表明,PCI平均为3.27℃,平均PCD为277m，平均PCA是115.35公顷，平均PCE为5.74。灰色空间面积是PCI、PCD、和PCA(100%的相对贡献，31%,19%，分别)。公园面积是PCE的主要因素（相对贡献28％）。基于PCA和PCE的公园大小的TVoE计算为82.37公顷和2.56公顷，分别。在步行模式和过境模式下，39.2%和94.01%的社区可以在15分钟内达到降温范围，分别。大约18％的社区居民在冷却范围的可及性方面存在严重的不平等。这项研究可以指导公园设计，最大限度地提高冷却效果，并告知城市规划者更公平地分配城市公园资源。
