Abstract：
Dinoflagellates within the genus Karenia are well known for their potential to cause harmful algal blooms and induce detrimental ecological consequences. In this study, five Karenia species, Karenia longicanalis, Karenia papilionacea, Karenia mikimotoi, Karenia selliformis, and a new species, Karenia hui sp. nov., were isolated from Chinese coastal waters. The new species exhibits the typical characteristics of the genus Karenia, including a linear apical groove and butanoyl-oxyfucoxanthin as the major accessory pigment. It is distinguished from the other Karenia species by a wide-open sulcal intrusion onto the epicone, a conical epicone with an apical crest formed by the rim of the apical groove, and a hunchbacked hypocone. It is most closely related to Karenia cristata, with a genetic divergence of 3.16 % (22 bp out of 883 bp of LSU rDNA). Acute toxicity tests indicated that the five Karenia species from China are all toxic to marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. Karenia selliformis and K. hui were very toxic to O. melastigma, resulting in 100 % mortality within 4 h and 24 h, respectively. Further analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that four species, K. selliformis, K. longicanalis, K. papilionacea and K. mikimotoi were capable of producing Gymnodimine-A (GYM-A). The highest GYM-A content was in K. selliformis (strain HK-43), in which the value was 889 fg/cell. No GYM-A was detected in the new species K. hui, however and its toxin remains unknown. Below we provide a comprehensive report of the morphology, phylogeny, pigment composition, and toxicity profiles of Karenia species along the Chinese coast. These findings contribute new insights for monitoring of Karenia species, with important toxicological and ecological implications.
摘要：
Karenia属中的鞭毛藻以其引起有害藻华和引起有害生态后果的潜力而闻名。在这项研究中,五种卡列尼亚种，长卡列尼病,卡列尼西亚,卡列尼娅·米基莫托伊，卡列尼亚，一个新的物种,卡列尼娅·惠sp。11月。,与中国沿海水域隔离。新物种表现出卡列尼亚属的典型特征，包括线性顶沟和作为主要辅助色素的丁酰基-羟基岩藻黄质。它与其他Karenia物种的区别在于向硅酮的大开沟侵入，带有由顶端凹槽的边缘形成的顶端的圆锥形硅酮，还有一个驼背的海波酮.它与卡列尼亚·克里斯蒂娜关系最密切，遗传差异为3.16%(883bp的LSUrDNA中的22bp)。急性毒性试验表明，来自中国的5种卡列尼亚均对海洋medakaOryziasmelastigma有毒。卡列尼和K.hui对O.melastigma毒性很大，在4小时和24小时内导致100%的死亡率，分别。通过高效液相色谱法进一步分析表明，四种物种，K.Selliformis，K.longicanalis,K.papilionacea和K.mikimootoi能够生产Gynodimine-A（GYM-A）。最高的GYM-A含量是在猪链球菌（菌株HK-43）中，其中的值是889fg/细胞。在新物种K.hui中没有检测到GYM-A，然而，它的毒素仍然未知。下面我们提供一个全面的形态学报告，系统发育,颜料成分,和中国沿海卡列尼亚物种的毒性概况。这些发现为监测卡列尼亚物种提供了新的见解，具有重要的毒理学和生态学意义。
