Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Dental practitioners desire non-pharmacological methods to alleviate anxiety, fear, and pain in children receiving dental care; high-quality evidence, however, is required to evaluate methods\' efficacy.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate an observation-based coding approach (paediatric dental pain, anxiety, and fear coding approach [PAFCA]) to evaluate non-pharmacological behavior management techniques for anxiety, fear, and pain.
METHODS: Objective (video-based) and subjective (self-reported) anxiety, fear, and pain data were collected from a pilot clinical trial evaluating animal-assisted therapy (AAT) in paediatric dentistry, in which 37 children aged 7-14 were assigned to AAT or control before dental treatment (restorations or extractions). A coding approach utilizing a codebook, a gold standard calibration video, and a user training guide was developed. Trained examiners coded the gold standard video for inter-rater agreement, and masked, calibrated examiners analyzed videos using the Noldus Observer XT software.
RESULTS: A novel, software-based coding approach was developed, with moderately high inter-rater agreement. Using PAFCA, we found children reporting higher levels of pain, fear, and anxiety exhibited treatment-interfering behaviors, including crying/moaning, attempts to dislodge instruments, and more upper and lower body movements.
CONCLUSIONS: PAFCA shows promise as a reliable tool for assessing anxiety, pain, and fear in behavioral research for paediatric dentistry.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate an observation-based coding approach (paediatric dental pain, anxiety, and fear coding approach [PAFCA]) to evaluate non-pharmacological behavior management techniques for anxiety, fear, and pain.
METHODS: Objective (video-based) and subjective (self-reported) anxiety, fear, and pain data were collected from a pilot clinical trial evaluating animal-assisted therapy (AAT) in paediatric dentistry, in which 37 children aged 7-14 were assigned to AAT or control before dental treatment (restorations or extractions). A coding approach utilizing a codebook, a gold standard calibration video, and a user training guide was developed. Trained examiners coded the gold standard video for inter-rater agreement, and masked, calibrated examiners analyzed videos using the Noldus Observer XT software.
RESULTS: A novel, software-based coding approach was developed, with moderately high inter-rater agreement. Using PAFCA, we found children reporting higher levels of pain, fear, and anxiety exhibited treatment-interfering behaviors, including crying/moaning, attempts to dislodge instruments, and more upper and lower body movements.
CONCLUSIONS: PAFCA shows promise as a reliable tool for assessing anxiety, pain, and fear in behavioral research for paediatric dentistry.
摘要：
背景：牙科医生希望非药物方法来缓解焦虑，恐惧,以及接受牙科护理的儿童的疼痛；高质量的证据，然而,需要评估方法的功效。
目的：本研究旨在开发和验证一种基于观察的编码方法（儿科牙科疼痛，焦虑,和恐惧编码方法[PAFCA])来评估焦虑的非药理学行为管理技术，恐惧,和痛苦。
方法：客观（基于视频）和主观（自我报告）焦虑，恐惧,和疼痛数据是从评估儿科牙科动物辅助治疗（AAT）的试点临床试验中收集的，其中37名7-14岁的儿童在牙科治疗(修复或拔牙)之前被分配到AAT或对照。一种利用码本的编码方法，黄金标准校准视频，并制定了用户培训指南。训练有素的审查员为评估者之间的协议编码了黄金标准视频，蒙面,校准的检查者使用NoldusObserverXT软件分析视频。
结果：小说，开发了基于软件的编码方法，具有中等高的评分者间协议。使用PAFCA，我们发现儿童报告的疼痛程度更高，恐惧,焦虑表现出干扰治疗的行为，包括哭泣/呻吟，试图驱逐乐器，和更多的上半身运动。
结论：PAFCA有望成为评估焦虑的可靠工具，疼痛,以及对儿科牙科行为研究的恐惧。
目的：本研究旨在开发和验证一种基于观察的编码方法（儿科牙科疼痛，焦虑,和恐惧编码方法[PAFCA])来评估焦虑的非药理学行为管理技术，恐惧,和痛苦。
方法：客观（基于视频）和主观（自我报告）焦虑，恐惧,和疼痛数据是从评估儿科牙科动物辅助治疗（AAT）的试点临床试验中收集的，其中37名7-14岁的儿童在牙科治疗(修复或拔牙)之前被分配到AAT或对照。一种利用码本的编码方法，黄金标准校准视频，并制定了用户培训指南。训练有素的审查员为评估者之间的协议编码了黄金标准视频，蒙面,校准的检查者使用NoldusObserverXT软件分析视频。
结果：小说，开发了基于软件的编码方法，具有中等高的评分者间协议。使用PAFCA，我们发现儿童报告的疼痛程度更高，恐惧,焦虑表现出干扰治疗的行为，包括哭泣/呻吟，试图驱逐乐器，和更多的上半身运动。
结论：PAFCA有望成为评估焦虑的可靠工具，疼痛,以及对儿科牙科行为研究的恐惧。
