PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Bone has traditionally been viewed in the context of its structural contribution to the human body. Foremost providing necessary support for mobility, its roles in supporting calcium homeostasis and blood cell production are often afterthoughts. Recent research has further shed light on the ever-multifaceted role of bone and its importance not only for structure, but also as a complex endocrine organ producing hormones responsible for the autoregulation of bone metabolism. Osteocalcin is one of the most important substances produced in bone tissue. Osteocalcin in circulation increases insulin secretion and sensitivity, lowers blood glucose, and decreases visceral adipose tissue. In males, it has also been shown to enhance testosterone production by the testes. Neuropeptide Y is produced by various cell types including osteocytes and osteoblasts, and there is evidence suggesting that peripheral NPY is important for regulation of bone formation. Hormonal disorders are often associated with abnormal levels of bone turnover markers. These include commonly used bone formation markers (bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and procollagen I N-propeptide) and commonly used resorption markers (serum C-telopeptides of type I collagen, urinary N-telopeptides of type I collagen, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b). Bone, however, is not exclusively comprised of osseous tissue. Bone marrow adipose tissue, an endocrine organ often compared to visceral adipose tissue, is found between trabecula in the bone cortex. It secretes a diverse range of hormones, lipid species, cytokines, and other factors to exert diverse local and systemic effects.
摘要：
传统上，骨骼被认为是在其对人体的结构贡献的背景下进行的。最重要的是为机动性提供必要的支持，它在支持钙稳态和血细胞生成中的作用通常是事后才想到的。最近的研究进一步揭示了骨骼的多方面作用及其不仅对结构的重要性，但也作为一个复杂的内分泌器官产生激素负责骨代谢的自动调节。骨钙蛋白是骨组织中最重要的物质之一。循环中的骨钙蛋白增加胰岛素分泌和敏感性，降低血糖，减少内脏脂肪组织。在男性中，它还被证明可以增强睾丸激素的产生。神经肽Y由多种细胞类型产生，包括骨细胞和成骨细胞，并且有证据表明外周NPY对骨形成的调节很重要。激素紊乱通常与骨转换标志物的异常水平有关。这些包括常用的骨形成标志物（骨碱性磷酸酶，骨钙蛋白，和前胶原IN-前肽）和常用的吸收标志物（I型胶原的血清C端肽，I型胶原的尿N端肽，和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b)。骨头,然而,并不完全由骨组织组成。骨髓脂肪组织,通常与内脏脂肪组织相比的内分泌器官，在骨皮质小梁之间发现。它分泌各种各样的激素，脂质种类，细胞因子,和其他因素发挥不同的局部和系统性影响。
