Abstract：
Cadmium (Cd) is recognized as a significant hazard to human health, with exposure linked to a variety of adverse outcomes including various cancers, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and osteoporosis. Residing in areas contaminated with Cd is undoubtedly a risk factor for developing the aforementioned conditions. However, the risk of developing Cd-related disorders is not uniform among individuals. Deficiencies in iron, zinc, and calcium, along with iron deficiency anemia, decreased lung function often seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and low circulating levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), may enhance Cd intestinal absorption. Conversely, chronic liver disorders can lead to the progressive loss of hepatocytes and the release of free Cd into the circulation, resulting in elevated Cd blood levels. Moreover, studies comparing Cd blood levels between different regions within a country or between two groups of individuals, for example, those with and without osteoporosis, should consider all variables that may impact Cd levels. These include age, sex, alcohol consumption, blood levels of iron, calcium, and zinc, the presence of anemia, COPD, PTH levels, and the presence of liver or kidney disease. In this review, we delve into all factors that could influence Cd blood levels, providing a comprehensive analysis.
摘要：
镉（Cd）被认为是对人类健康的重大危害，暴露与包括各种癌症在内的各种不良后果有关，心血管疾病,慢性肾病,和骨质疏松症。居住在受Cd污染的地区无疑是发展上述条件的风险因素。然而,个体之间发生Cd相关疾病的风险并不一致。缺铁，锌，还有钙,伴随着缺铁性贫血,肺功能下降常见于慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD），和低循环水平的甲状旁腺激素（PTH），可增强肠道对Cd的吸收。相反，慢性肝病可导致肝细胞的进行性丢失和游离Cd释放到循环中，导致血液中Cd含量升高。此外，比较一个国家不同地区之间或两组个体之间的Cd血液水平的研究，例如,那些有和没有骨质疏松症的人，应该考虑所有可能影响Cd水平的变量。这些包括年龄，性别,酒精消费,血液中的铁含量,钙，还有锌,贫血的存在，COPD,PTH水平,以及肝脏或肾脏疾病的存在。在这次审查中,我们深入研究了所有可能影响Cd血液水平的因素，提供全面的分析。
