Abstract：
Exosomes are lipid-bilayered vesicles, originating from early endosomes that capture cellular proteins and genetic materials to form multi-vesicular bodies. These exosomes are secreted into extracellular fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, blood, urine, and cell culture supernatants. They play a key role in intercellular communication by carrying active molecules like lipids, cytokines, growth factors, metabolites, proteins, and RNAs. Recently, the potential of exosomal delivery for therapeutic purposes has been explored due to their low immunogenicity, nano-scale size, and ability to cross cellular barriers. This review comprehensively examines the biogenesis of exosomes, their isolation techniques, and their diverse applications in theranostics. We delve into the mechanisms and methods for loading exosomes with mRNA, miRNA, proteins, and drugs, highlighting their transformative role in delivering therapeutic payloads. Additionally, the utility of exosomes in stem cell therapy is discussed, showcasing their potential in regenerative medicine. Insights into exosome cargo using pre- or post-loading techniques are critical for exosome theranostics. We review exosome databases such as ExoCarta, Expedia, and ExoBCD, which document exosome cargo. From these databases, we identified 25 proteins common to both exosomes and P-bodies, known for mutations in the COSMIC database. Exosome databases do not integrate with mutation analysis programs; hence, we performed mutation analysis using additional databases. Accounting for the mutation status of parental cells and exosomal cargo is crucial in exosome theranostics. This review provides a comprehensive report on exosome databases, proteins common to exosomes and P-bodies, and their mutation analysis, along with the latest studies on exosome-engineered theranostics.
摘要：
外泌体是脂质双层囊泡，起源于早期内体，捕获细胞蛋白质和遗传物质形成多囊泡体。这些外泌体分泌到细胞外液，如脑脊液，血,尿液,和细胞培养上清液。它们通过携带脂质等活性分子在细胞间通讯中起关键作用，细胞因子,生长因子，代谢物，蛋白质，和RNA。最近,由于其低免疫原性，已经探索了外泌体递送用于治疗目的的潜力，纳米级尺寸，以及跨越细胞屏障的能力。这篇综述全面考察了外泌体的生物发生，他们的隔离技术，以及它们在热疗学中的不同应用。我们深入研究了用mRNA加载外泌体的机制和方法，miRNA,蛋白质，和毒品，强调他们在提供治疗有效载荷方面的变革作用。此外,讨论了外泌体在干细胞治疗中的应用，展示他们在再生医学方面的潜力。使用装载前或装载后技术对外泌体货物的见解对于外泌体的治疗至关重要。我们回顾了Exosome数据库，如ExoCarta，Expedia,和ExoBCD,记录外来货物。从这些数据库中,我们确定了外泌体和P-体共同的25种蛋白质，已知COSMIC数据库中的突变。Exosome数据库不与突变分析程序集成；因此，我们使用其他数据库进行了突变分析.解释亲本细胞和外泌体货物的突变状态在外体疗法中至关重要。这篇综述提供了一份关于外泌体数据库的全面报告，外泌体和P体常见的蛋白质，和他们的突变分析，以及关于外泌体工程的最新研究。
