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Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: This study examines the impact of socioeconomic factors on calorie intake and macronutrient composition at the household level in Pakistan from 2006 to 2016, using data from the Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey (HIICS). By applying a copula-based decomposition method, it identifies key drivers such as urbanization, household size, paternal education, income, and cultivation, highlighting their roles in dietary changes and implications for public health. The findings are crucial for understanding nutritional shifts and addressing non-communicable diseases.
UNASSIGNED: This study was conducted to assess the socioeconomic changes in total calorie intake per capita and calories obtained from macronutrients (fat, protein, and carbohydrates) at the household level in Pakistan.
UNASSIGNED: : Cross-sectional data were taken from 2 national-level surveys published by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics: the Household Integrated Economic Survey 2006 (14,948 households) and the Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey 2016 (7842 households). Participants were from all 4 provinces of Pakistan. A copula-based decomposition method was applied to decompose the 10-y change in the distribution (mean, median, and quartiles) of the total calorie intake per capita and calories obtained from macronutrients.
UNASSIGNED: The estimated results of decomposition revealed that total calorie intake per capita has increased on average and in the considered quartiles. The calories obtained from fat and carbohydrates have increased, whereas calories from protein have decreased, according to the distribution of the mean and quartile. The composition effect was negative for all outcome variables, and the main drivers of the composition effect were urbanization, household size, paternal education, income, and cultivation for all outcome variables.
UNASSIGNED: Household size and income are the most important covariates in an increase of total calories per capita and consumption of macronutrients, but urbanization, paternal education, and cultivation contribute negatively to the composition effect. Such findings are very important to inform researchers about nutritional change at the national level because the correlation between dietary change and risk factors for noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease and obesity is very strong.
UNASSIGNED: This study was conducted to assess the socioeconomic changes in total calorie intake per capita and calories obtained from macronutrients (fat, protein, and carbohydrates) at the household level in Pakistan.
UNASSIGNED: : Cross-sectional data were taken from 2 national-level surveys published by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics: the Household Integrated Economic Survey 2006 (14,948 households) and the Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey 2016 (7842 households). Participants were from all 4 provinces of Pakistan. A copula-based decomposition method was applied to decompose the 10-y change in the distribution (mean, median, and quartiles) of the total calorie intake per capita and calories obtained from macronutrients.
UNASSIGNED: The estimated results of decomposition revealed that total calorie intake per capita has increased on average and in the considered quartiles. The calories obtained from fat and carbohydrates have increased, whereas calories from protein have decreased, according to the distribution of the mean and quartile. The composition effect was negative for all outcome variables, and the main drivers of the composition effect were urbanization, household size, paternal education, income, and cultivation for all outcome variables.
UNASSIGNED: Household size and income are the most important covariates in an increase of total calories per capita and consumption of macronutrients, but urbanization, paternal education, and cultivation contribute negatively to the composition effect. Such findings are very important to inform researchers about nutritional change at the national level because the correlation between dietary change and risk factors for noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease and obesity is very strong.
摘要：
■本研究使用家庭综合收入和消费调查（HIICS）的数据，研究了2006年至2016年巴基斯坦家庭层面的社会经济因素对卡路里摄入量和大量营养素组成的影响。通过应用基于copula的分解方法，它确定了关键驱动因素，如城市化，家庭大小，父系教育,收入,和种植,强调它们在饮食变化中的作用和对公共卫生的影响。这些发现对于了解营养变化和解决非传染性疾病至关重要。
■这项研究旨在评估人均总卡路里摄入量和从大量营养素（脂肪，蛋白质，和碳水化合物)在巴基斯坦的家庭层面。
■：横截面数据来自巴基斯坦统计局发布的2项国家级调查：2006年家庭综合经济调查（14,948户）和2016年家庭综合收入和消费调查（7842户）。参与者来自巴基斯坦所有4个省。基于copula的分解方法被应用于分解分布的10-y变化(平均值，中位数，和四分位数）人均总卡路里摄入量和从常量营养素中获得的卡路里。
■分解的估计结果表明，人均总卡路里摄入量平均和所考虑的四分位数增加了。从脂肪和碳水化合物中获得的卡路里增加了，而来自蛋白质的卡路里减少了，根据均值和四分位数的分布。所有结果变量的组成效应均为负，构成效应的主要驱动因素是城市化，家庭大小，父系教育,收入,和所有结果变量的培养。
■家庭规模和收入是人均总卡路里和大量营养素消费量增加的最重要的协变量，但是城市化，父系教育,和栽培对构图效果有负面影响。这些发现对于让研究人员了解国家一级的营养变化非常重要，因为饮食变化与非传染性疾病（如心脏病和肥胖症）的危险因素之间的相关性非常强。
■这项研究旨在评估人均总卡路里摄入量和从大量营养素（脂肪，蛋白质，和碳水化合物)在巴基斯坦的家庭层面。
■：横截面数据来自巴基斯坦统计局发布的2项国家级调查：2006年家庭综合经济调查（14,948户）和2016年家庭综合收入和消费调查（7842户）。参与者来自巴基斯坦所有4个省。基于copula的分解方法被应用于分解分布的10-y变化(平均值，中位数，和四分位数）人均总卡路里摄入量和从常量营养素中获得的卡路里。
■分解的估计结果表明，人均总卡路里摄入量平均和所考虑的四分位数增加了。从脂肪和碳水化合物中获得的卡路里增加了，而来自蛋白质的卡路里减少了，根据均值和四分位数的分布。所有结果变量的组成效应均为负，构成效应的主要驱动因素是城市化，家庭大小，父系教育,收入,和所有结果变量的培养。
■家庭规模和收入是人均总卡路里和大量营养素消费量增加的最重要的协变量，但是城市化，父系教育,和栽培对构图效果有负面影响。这些发现对于让研究人员了解国家一级的营养变化非常重要，因为饮食变化与非传染性疾病（如心脏病和肥胖症）的危险因素之间的相关性非常强。
