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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Hafnium alloys are employed in medical applications due to their biocompatibility and high corrosion resistance. These alloys have demonstrated osteogenic and antimicrobial activities in surgical implants and have been utilized in the treatment of sarcoma. Additionally, a sensor based on hafnium nanoparticles has been reported for the detection of coronavirus disease 2019. Despite the increasing usage of hafnium, a literature review reveals no studies examining its effects on sperm in both human and animal species.
METHODS: Semen samples were analyzed according to the 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and 20 normospermic specimens were included in the study. Three groups were formed: control, hafnium chloride 2 mg/mL, and 4 mg/mL. Motility and viability were assessed in all groups at the 20th and 40th minutes.
RESULTS: The decrease in viable sperm count was found to be significant in the 2 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 12.73 ± 0.8, p<0.001) and the 4 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 41.72 ± 1.34, p<0.001) compared to the control group. A time-dependent decrease in sperm viability was significant across all groups (difference: 8.93 ± 0.59, p<0.001). The decrease in viable sperm count in the 4 mg/ml HfCl4 group was significant when compared to the 2 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 29 ± 1.27, p<0.001). The decrease in total motile sperm count was observed in both the 2 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 12.80 ± 1.30, p<0.001) and the 4 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 35.63 ± 1.12, p<0.001) compared to the control group. Additionally, the decrease in total motile sperm count in the 4 mg/ml HfCl4 group was significant compared to the 2 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 22.80 ± 1.60, p<0.001). A time-dependent decrease in total motile sperm count was also significant (difference: 6.03 ± 0.49, p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The study determined that hafnium chloride negatively affects sperm motility and viability in vitro. These effects may be due to the presence of an acidic environment. It has been demonstrated that instruments containing this element may pose a potential risk.
METHODS: Semen samples were analyzed according to the 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and 20 normospermic specimens were included in the study. Three groups were formed: control, hafnium chloride 2 mg/mL, and 4 mg/mL. Motility and viability were assessed in all groups at the 20th and 40th minutes.
RESULTS: The decrease in viable sperm count was found to be significant in the 2 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 12.73 ± 0.8, p<0.001) and the 4 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 41.72 ± 1.34, p<0.001) compared to the control group. A time-dependent decrease in sperm viability was significant across all groups (difference: 8.93 ± 0.59, p<0.001). The decrease in viable sperm count in the 4 mg/ml HfCl4 group was significant when compared to the 2 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 29 ± 1.27, p<0.001). The decrease in total motile sperm count was observed in both the 2 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 12.80 ± 1.30, p<0.001) and the 4 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 35.63 ± 1.12, p<0.001) compared to the control group. Additionally, the decrease in total motile sperm count in the 4 mg/ml HfCl4 group was significant compared to the 2 mg/ml HfCl4 group (difference: 22.80 ± 1.60, p<0.001). A time-dependent decrease in total motile sperm count was also significant (difference: 6.03 ± 0.49, p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The study determined that hafnium chloride negatively affects sperm motility and viability in vitro. These effects may be due to the presence of an acidic environment. It has been demonstrated that instruments containing this element may pose a potential risk.
摘要：
背景:铪合金由于其生物相容性和高耐腐蚀性而用于医疗应用。这些合金已在外科植入物中证明了成骨和抗微生物活性，并已用于治疗肉瘤。此外,据报道，基于铪纳米颗粒的传感器可用于检测2019年冠状病毒病。尽管铪的使用越来越多，文献综述显示，没有研究检查其对人类和动物精子的影响。
方法：根据2010年世界卫生组织（WHO）标准对精液样本进行分析，和20个正常精子标本被纳入研究。组成三组：对照组，氯化铪2毫克/毫升，和4mg/mL。在第20分钟和第40分钟评估所有组的运动性和活力。
结果：发现2mg/mlHfCl4组（差异：12.73±0.8，p<0.001）和4mg/mlHfCl4组（差异：41.72±1.34，p<0.001）与对照组相比，活精子数量明显减少。所有组的精子活力的时间依赖性降低是显著的(差异:8.93±0.59,p<0.001)。当与2mg/mlHfCl4组相比时,4mg/mlHfCl4组中的活精子数量显著减少(差异:29±1.27,p<0.001)。与对照组相比，在2mg/mlHfCl4组（差异：12.80±1.30，p<0.001）和4mg/mlHfCl4组（差异：35.63±1.12，p<0.001）中观察到总活动精子数量的减少。此外,与2mg/mlHfCl4组相比，4mg/mlHfCl4组的活动精子总数显着减少（差异：22.80±1.60，p<0.001）。总活动精子数量的时间依赖性减少也是显着的（差异：6.03±0.49，p<0.001）。
结论：该研究确定氯化铪在体外对精子运动和活力产生负面影响。这些影响可能是由于酸性环境的存在。已经证明，包含该元素的仪器可能会带来潜在风险。
方法：根据2010年世界卫生组织（WHO）标准对精液样本进行分析，和20个正常精子标本被纳入研究。组成三组：对照组，氯化铪2毫克/毫升，和4mg/mL。在第20分钟和第40分钟评估所有组的运动性和活力。
结果：发现2mg/mlHfCl4组（差异：12.73±0.8，p<0.001）和4mg/mlHfCl4组（差异：41.72±1.34，p<0.001）与对照组相比，活精子数量明显减少。所有组的精子活力的时间依赖性降低是显著的(差异:8.93±0.59,p<0.001)。当与2mg/mlHfCl4组相比时,4mg/mlHfCl4组中的活精子数量显著减少(差异:29±1.27,p<0.001)。与对照组相比，在2mg/mlHfCl4组（差异：12.80±1.30，p<0.001）和4mg/mlHfCl4组（差异：35.63±1.12，p<0.001）中观察到总活动精子数量的减少。此外,与2mg/mlHfCl4组相比，4mg/mlHfCl4组的活动精子总数显着减少（差异：22.80±1.60，p<0.001）。总活动精子数量的时间依赖性减少也是显着的（差异：6.03±0.49，p<0.001）。
结论：该研究确定氯化铪在体外对精子运动和活力产生负面影响。这些影响可能是由于酸性环境的存在。已经证明，包含该元素的仪器可能会带来潜在风险。
