Abstract：
Urban rivers are exposed to an increasing load of organic micropollutants from wastewater effluent posing an ecological as well as public health hazard. One-off surveys can capture a snapshot of the pollution profile but fail to reveal the full scale of spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In the present study, 41 micropollutants (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), antihypertensives, antiepileptic, antidiabetic, antibiotics, iodinated contrast media (ICM), corrosion inhibitors, pesticides) were monitored every two weeks for one-year upstream and downstream of the Budapest metropolitan area in Danube River (336 samples total). ICMs, benzotriazoles and metamizole degradation products were detected in highest concentration regularly exceeding 100 ng/L. Median concentration of other pharmaceuticals ranged from <1 to 26 ng/L, while pesticides were typically below 10 ng/L. Variability of micropollutant concentration was primarily temporal, exhibiting two different patterns: (1) inverse correlation to river discharge, observed for corrosion inhibitors and carbamazepine (r = -0.505 to -0.665) or (2) inverse correlation to water temperature, observed primarily for ICMs, antihypertensives and antibiotics, r = -0.654 to -0.904). Temperature dependence was also significant after correcting for river discharge. Relative increase of pharmaceuticals was 2-134% after the metropolitan area, partially explained by emission estimates calculated from retail data and metabolization rates. The concentration of five ICMs (iopamidol in 100, iodixanol in 96, diatrizoate in 22, iomeprol in 21 and iohexol 13% of the samples) and two NSAIDs (ibuprofen and diclofenac (in 31.5 and 23% of the samples) exceeded the predicted no environmental effect concentration, posing a risk to algae (HQ = 1.2-6) and fish (HQ = 1.4-1.9), respectively. Results suggest that risk-based monitoring and risk management efforts should focus on ICMs, NSAIDs and industrial chemicals, taking into account that sampling in cold periods and during low flow provides the worst-case estimates.
摘要：
城市河流暴露于废水中越来越多的有机微污染物，对生态和公共卫生造成危害。一次性调查可以捕获污染概况的快照，但无法揭示时空异质性的全部规模。在本研究中,41种微污染物（非甾体抗炎药（NSAID），抗高血压药,抗癫痫药,抗糖尿病药,抗生素,碘化造影剂(ICM),缓蚀剂,农药）在多瑙河布达佩斯都市区的上游和下游每两周进行一次监测（总共336个样品）。ICMs,检测到苯并三唑和安乃近降解产物的最高浓度经常超过100ng/L其他药物的中值浓度范围为<1至26ng/L，而农药通常低于10ng/L微污染物浓度的变化主要是时间变化，表现出两种不同的模式：(1)与河流流量负相关，观察到缓蚀剂和卡马西平（r=-0.505至-0.665）或（2）与水温成反比，主要观察ICM，抗高血压药和抗生素，r=-0.654至-0.904）。校正河流流量后，温度依赖性也很高。在大都市地区之后，药品的相对增长率为2-134%，部分原因是根据零售数据和代谢率计算得出的排放估计值。5种ICM（碘帕醇100种，碘克沙醇96种，泛影酸盐22种，碘海醇21种，碘海醇13％）和两种NSAIDs（布洛芬和双氯芬酸（31.5％和23％的样品）的浓度超过了预测的无环境影响浓度，对藻类(HQ=1.2-6)和鱼类(HQ=1.4-1.9)构成风险，分别。结果表明，基于风险的监测和风险管理工作应侧重于ICM，NSAIDs和工业化学品，考虑到在寒冷时期和低流量期间的采样提供了最坏情况的估计。
