Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Various neurocognitive models explore perceptual distortions and hallucinations in schizophrenia and the general population. A variant of predictive coding account suggests that strong priors, like cognitive expectancy, may influence perception. This study examines if stronger cognitive expectancies result in more auditory false percepts in clinical and healthy control groups, investigates group differences, and explores the association between false percepts and hallucinations.
METHODS: Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia with current auditory hallucinations (n = 51) and without hallucinations (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 51) underwent the False Perception Task under various expectancy conditions. All groups were examined for the presence and severity of hallucinations or hallucinatory-like experiences.
RESULTS: We observed a main effect of condition across all groups, ie, the stronger the cognitive expectancy, the greater the ratio of auditory false percepts. However, there was no group effect for the ratio of auditory false percepts. Despite modest pairwise correlations in the hallucinating group, the ratio of auditory false percepts was not predicted by levels of hallucinations and hallucinatory-like experiences in a linear mixed model.
CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrates that strong priors in the form of cognitive expectancies affect perception and play a role in perceptual disturbances. There is also a tentative possibility that overreliance on strong priors may be associated with hallucinations in currently hallucinating subjects. Possible, avoidable confounding factors are discussed in detail.
METHODS: Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia with current auditory hallucinations (n = 51) and without hallucinations (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 51) underwent the False Perception Task under various expectancy conditions. All groups were examined for the presence and severity of hallucinations or hallucinatory-like experiences.
RESULTS: We observed a main effect of condition across all groups, ie, the stronger the cognitive expectancy, the greater the ratio of auditory false percepts. However, there was no group effect for the ratio of auditory false percepts. Despite modest pairwise correlations in the hallucinating group, the ratio of auditory false percepts was not predicted by levels of hallucinations and hallucinatory-like experiences in a linear mixed model.
CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrates that strong priors in the form of cognitive expectancies affect perception and play a role in perceptual disturbances. There is also a tentative possibility that overreliance on strong priors may be associated with hallucinations in currently hallucinating subjects. Possible, avoidable confounding factors are discussed in detail.
摘要：
背景：各种神经认知模型探索精神分裂症和普通人群的知觉扭曲和幻觉。预测编码账户的一种变体表明，强先验，比如认知预期，可能会影响感知。这项研究检查了在临床和健康对照组中，更强的认知期望是否会导致更多的听觉错误感知。调查群体差异，并探索了错误感知和幻觉之间的联系。
方法：被诊断为精神分裂症并有幻听（n=51）和无幻听（n=66）以及健康对照（n=51）的患者在各种预期条件下接受了错误感知任务。检查所有组的幻觉或幻觉样经历的存在和严重程度。
结果：我们观察到所有组的主要影响，ie,认知预期越强，听觉错误感知的比率越大。然而,听觉错误感知的比率没有群体效应。尽管幻觉组中存在适度的成对相关性，在线性混合模型中,听觉错误感知的比率不能通过幻觉和幻觉样体验的水平来预测.
结论：当前的研究表明，以认知期望形式出现的强先验影响感知并在感知障碍中发挥作用。在目前的幻觉受试者中，过度依赖强先验可能与幻觉有关。可能，详细讨论了可避免的混杂因素。
方法：被诊断为精神分裂症并有幻听（n=51）和无幻听（n=66）以及健康对照（n=51）的患者在各种预期条件下接受了错误感知任务。检查所有组的幻觉或幻觉样经历的存在和严重程度。
结果：我们观察到所有组的主要影响，ie,认知预期越强，听觉错误感知的比率越大。然而,听觉错误感知的比率没有群体效应。尽管幻觉组中存在适度的成对相关性，在线性混合模型中,听觉错误感知的比率不能通过幻觉和幻觉样体验的水平来预测.
结论：当前的研究表明，以认知期望形式出现的强先验影响感知并在感知障碍中发挥作用。在目前的幻觉受试者中，过度依赖强先验可能与幻觉有关。可能，详细讨论了可避免的混杂因素。
