PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
The global food system is a key driver of land-use and climate change which in turn drive biodiversity change. Developing sustainable food systems is therefore critical to reversing biodiversity loss. We use the multi-regional input-output model EXIOBASE to estimate the biodiversity impacts embedded within the global food system in 2011. Using models that capture regional variation in the sensitivity of biodiversity both to land use and climate change, we calculate the land-driven and greenhouse gas-driven footprints of food using two metrics of biodiversity: local species richness and rarity-weighted species richness. We show that the footprint of land area underestimates biodiversity impact in more species-rich regions and that our metric of rarity-weighted richness places a greater emphasis on biodiversity costs in Central and South America. We find that methane emissions are responsible for 70% of the overall greenhouse gas-driven biodiversity footprint and that, in several regions, emissions from a single year\'s food production are associated with global biodiversity loss equivalent to 2% or more of that region\'s total land-driven biodiversity loss. The measures we present are relatively simple to calculate and could be incorporated into decision-making and environmental impact assessments by governments and businesses.
摘要：
全球粮食系统是土地利用和气候变化的关键驱动因素，这反过来又推动了生物多样性的变化。因此，发展可持续粮食系统对于扭转生物多样性丧失至关重要。我们使用多区域投入产出模型EXIOBASE来估计2011年全球粮食系统中嵌入的生物多样性影响。使用捕获生物多样性对土地利用和气候变化的敏感性的区域变化的模型，我们使用两个生物多样性指标来计算土地驱动和温室气体驱动的食物足迹：当地物种丰富度和稀有加权物种丰富度。我们表明，土地面积的足迹低估了物种丰富地区的生物多样性影响，并且我们的稀有加权丰富度指标更加重视中美洲和南美洲的生物多样性成本。我们发现甲烷排放占温室气体驱动的生物多样性足迹总量的70％，在几个地区，一年粮食生产的排放量与全球生物多样性损失相关，相当于该地区土地驱动的生物多样性总损失的2%或更多。我们提出的措施计算相对简单，可以纳入政府和企业的决策和环境影响评估。
