Abstract：
The vast dissemination of resistance to different antibiotics among bacterial pathogens, especially foodborne pathogens, has drawn major research attention. Thus, many attempts have been made to reveal novel alternatives to the current antibiotics. Due to their variable pharmacologically active phytochemicals, plants represent a good solution for this issue. This study investigated the antibacterial potential of Kumquat or Fortunella japonica methanol extract (FJME) against Salmonella typhimurium clinical isolates. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) characterized 39 compounds in FJME. Palmitic acid (15.386%) and cis-vaccenic acid (15.012%) are the major active constituents detected by GC/MS. Remarkably, FJME had minimum inhibitory concentrations from 128 to 512 µg/mL in vitro. In addition, a systemic infection model revealed the in vivo antibacterial action of FJME. The antibacterial therapeutic activity of FJME was noticed by improving the histological features of the liver and spleen. Moreover, there was a perceptible lessening (p < 0.05) of the levels of the oxidative stress markers (nitric oxide and malondialdehyde) using ELISA. In addition, the gene expression of the proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin 6) was downregulated. On the other hand, there was an upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 10). Accordingly, future clinical investigations should be done to reveal the potential antibacterial action of FJME on other food pathogens.
摘要：
细菌病原体对不同抗生素的耐药性的广泛传播，尤其是食源性病原体，引起了主要研究的关注。因此，已经进行了许多尝试来揭示当前抗生素的新替代品。由于其可变的药理活性植物化学物质，植物代表了这个问题的一个很好的解决方案。这项研究调查了金桔或日本金子菌甲醇提取物（FJME）对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌临床分离株的抗菌潜力。气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)表征了FJME中的39个化合物。棕榈酸（15.386%）和顺式-异戊酸（15.012%）是GC/MS检测到的主要活性成分。值得注意的是,FJME在体外的最低抑制浓度为128至512µg/mL。此外,全身性感染模型揭示了FJME的体内抗菌作用.通过改善肝脏和脾脏的组织学特征注意到FJME的抗菌治疗活性。此外，使用ELISA,氧化应激标志物(一氧化氮和丙二醛)的水平有可察觉的降低(p<0.05)。此外,促炎细胞因子（白细胞介素6）的基因表达下调。另一方面,抗炎细胞因子(白细胞介素10)上调.因此，未来的临床研究应揭示FJME对其他食物病原体的潜在抗菌作用.
