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Abstract：
Osseointegrated dental implants replace missing teeth and create an artificial surface for biofilms of complex microbial communities to grow. These biofilms on implants and dental surfaces can trigger infection and inflammation in the surrounding tissue. This study investigated the microbial characteristics of peri-implant mucositis (PM) and explored the correlation between microbial ecological imbalance, community function, and disease severity by comparing the submucosal microflora from PM with those of healthy inter-subject implants and intra-subject gingivitis (G) within a group of 32 individuals. We analyzed submucosal plaques from PM, healthy implant (HI), and G sites using metagenome shotgun sequencing. The bacterial diversity of HIs was higher than that of PM, according to the Simpson index. Beta diversity revealed differences in taxonomic and functional compositions across the groups. Linear discriminant analysis of the effect size identified 15 genera and 37 species as biomarkers that distinguished PM from HIs. Pathways involving cell motility and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum were upregulated in PM, while pathways related to the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were downregulated. Microbial dysbiosis correlated positively with the severity of clinical inflammation measured by the sulcus bleeding index (SBI) in PM. Prevotella and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum also correlated positively with the SBI. Our study revealed PM\'s microbiological and functional traits and suggested the importance of certain functions in disease severity.IMPORTANCEPeri-implant mucositis is an early stage in the progression of peri-implantitis. The high prevalence of it has been a threat to the widespread use of implant prosthodontics. The link between the submucosal microbiome and peri-implant mucositis was demonstrated previously. Nevertheless, the taxonomic and functional composition of the peri-implant mucositis microbiome remains controversial. In this study, we comprehensively characterize the microbial signature of peri-implant mucositis and for the first time, we investigate the correlations between microbial dysbiosis, functional potential, and disease severity. With the help of metagenomic sequencing, we find the positive correlations between microbial dysbiosis, genus Prevotella, pathway of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and more severe mucosal bleeding in the peri-implant mucositis. Our studies offer insight into the pathogenesis of peri-implant mucositis by providing information on the relationships between community function and disease severity.
摘要：
骨整合牙种植体替代缺失的牙齿，并为复杂微生物群落的生物膜生长创造人造表面。植入物和牙齿表面上的这些生物膜可引发周围组织的感染和炎症。本研究调查了种植体周围黏膜炎(PM)的微生物特征，并探讨了微生物生态失衡之间的相关性，社区功能,通过比较来自PM的粘膜下微生物区系与32个个体中的健康受试者间植入物和受试者内牙龈炎（G）的粘膜下微生物区系和疾病严重程度。我们分析了PM的粘膜下斑块，健康植入物（HI），和G位点使用宏基因组鸟枪测序。HIs的细菌多样性高于PM，根据辛普森指数。β多样性揭示了各组在分类和功能组成上的差异。效应大小的线性判别分析确定了15个属和37个物种作为将PM与HIs区分开的生物标志物。涉及内质网中细胞运动和蛋白质加工的通路在PM中上调，而与辅因子和维生素代谢相关的途径被下调。通过PM中的沟出血指数（SBI）测量，微生物菌群失调与临床炎症的严重程度呈正相关。内质网中的Prevotella和蛋白质加工也与SBI呈正相关。我们的研究揭示了PM的微生物学和功能特征，并表明某些功能在疾病严重程度中的重要性。IMPORTANCEPeri种植体黏膜炎是种植体周围炎进展的早期阶段。它的高患病率已威胁到种植体修复的广泛使用。先前已证明了粘膜下微生物组和植入物周围粘膜炎之间的联系。然而，种植体周围黏膜炎微生物组的分类和功能组成仍存在争议.在这项研究中,我们全面表征了种植体周围粘膜炎的微生物特征，这是第一次，我们研究了微生物菌群失调之间的相关性，功能潜力，和疾病的严重程度。在宏基因组测序的帮助下，我们发现微生物菌群失调之间存在正相关，普雷沃氏菌属,内质网中的蛋白质加工途径，种植体周围粘膜炎的粘膜出血更严重。我们的研究通过提供有关社区功能与疾病严重程度之间关系的信息，为植入物周围粘膜炎的发病机理提供了见解。
