Abstract：
Numerous factors, such as genetics, environmental factors, and illness determinants, might contribute to an unpleasant pharmaceutical response. In an effort to increase efficacy and safety, as well as to gain a better understanding of drug disposition and clinical consequences, researchers in the two quickly emerging fields of pharmacogenetics (which focuses on single genes) and pharmacogenomics (which focuses on many genes) have studied the genetic personalization of drug response. This is due to the fact that a large number of pharmacological responses seem to be genetically based, and the relationship between medication response and genotype may be important for diagnosis. We now have a better understanding of the genetic basis of individual medication responses because to research on pharmaceuticals and genes. Pharmacogenomics aims to improve patient outcomes by developing personalized medicine by using the diversity of the human genome and how it affects medication response. Translational in nature, pharmacogenomics research encompasses everything from the discovery of genotype-phenotype associations to clinical investigations that might show therapeutic relevance. Though the conversion of pharmacogenomics research findings into clinical practice has been sluggish, advances in the field offer considerable potential for future therapeutic applications in specific people.
摘要：
众多因素,比如遗传学，环境因素,和疾病决定因素，可能会导致不愉快的药物反应。为了提高疗效和安全性，以及更好地了解药物处置和临床后果，药物遗传学（专注于单个基因）和药物基因组学（专注于许多基因）这两个快速新兴领域的研究人员已经研究了药物反应的遗传个性化。这是由于大量的药理学反应似乎是基于基因的，药物反应和基因型之间的关系可能对诊断很重要。由于对药物和基因的研究，我们现在对个体药物反应的遗传基础有了更好的了解。药物基因组学旨在通过利用人类基因组的多样性以及它如何影响药物反应来开发个性化医疗，从而改善患者的预后。翻译性质，药物基因组学研究涵盖从发现基因型-表型关联到可能显示治疗相关性的临床研究的所有方面.尽管药物基因组学研究结果转化为临床实践一直很缓慢，该领域的进展为未来在特定人群中的治疗应用提供了相当大的潜力。
