Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: The global incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has increased in the last decades. While improvements in diagnosis may contribute, overdiagnosis is also a possibility. This review focuses on the epidemiology, risk factors, and immune microenvironment associated with differentiated TC (DTC).
UNASSIGNED: A search was conducted in Scielo, Scopus, and EMBASE databases, involving 72 articles. TC is the most common endocrine neoplasm, with DTC form being predominant. Its incidence has globally risen, particularly among women aged over 45. Endogenous risk factors for DTC include genetic disorders, race, age, female gender, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Environmental risks involve ionizing radiation, whether through therapeutic treatment or environmental contamination from nuclear accidents, iodine deficiency, endocrine disruptors, residence in volcanic areas, environmental pollution, and stress. The use of anti-obesity medications remains controversial. The tumor\'s immune microenvironment is the histological space where tumor cells interact with host cells, crucial for understanding aggressiveness. Immunotherapy emerges as a promising intervention.
UNASSIGNED: Recent advances in DTC management offer transformative potential, requiring collaborative efforts for implementation. Emerging areas like precision medicine, molecular profiling, and immunotherapy present exciting prospects for future exploration, shaping the next era of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in thyroid cancer research.
The global incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has significantly increased, attributed partly to improved diagnosis and potentially to overdiagnosis. This review focuses on the epidemiology, risk factors, and immune microenvironment associated with differentiated TC (DTC). DTC is the most common endocrine neoplasm, and predominantly affects women over 45 years old. Endogenous risk factors include genetic disorders, race, age, female gender, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Environmental risks encompass ionizing radiation, iodine deficiency, endocrine disruptors, volcanic residence, pollution, and stress. The use of glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists remains controversial. The tumor’s immune microenvironment is crucial for understanding aggressiveness, with immunotherapy showing promise. Understanding both macro and microenvironmental factors is crucial for devising effective prevention and treatment strategies for DTC.
UNASSIGNED: A search was conducted in Scielo, Scopus, and EMBASE databases, involving 72 articles. TC is the most common endocrine neoplasm, with DTC form being predominant. Its incidence has globally risen, particularly among women aged over 45. Endogenous risk factors for DTC include genetic disorders, race, age, female gender, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Environmental risks involve ionizing radiation, whether through therapeutic treatment or environmental contamination from nuclear accidents, iodine deficiency, endocrine disruptors, residence in volcanic areas, environmental pollution, and stress. The use of anti-obesity medications remains controversial. The tumor\'s immune microenvironment is the histological space where tumor cells interact with host cells, crucial for understanding aggressiveness. Immunotherapy emerges as a promising intervention.
UNASSIGNED: Recent advances in DTC management offer transformative potential, requiring collaborative efforts for implementation. Emerging areas like precision medicine, molecular profiling, and immunotherapy present exciting prospects for future exploration, shaping the next era of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in thyroid cancer research.
The global incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has significantly increased, attributed partly to improved diagnosis and potentially to overdiagnosis. This review focuses on the epidemiology, risk factors, and immune microenvironment associated with differentiated TC (DTC). DTC is the most common endocrine neoplasm, and predominantly affects women over 45 years old. Endogenous risk factors include genetic disorders, race, age, female gender, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Environmental risks encompass ionizing radiation, iodine deficiency, endocrine disruptors, volcanic residence, pollution, and stress. The use of glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists remains controversial. The tumor’s immune microenvironment is crucial for understanding aggressiveness, with immunotherapy showing promise. Understanding both macro and microenvironmental factors is crucial for devising effective prevention and treatment strategies for DTC.
摘要：
■在过去的几十年中，全球甲状腺癌（TC）的发病率有所增加。虽然诊断的改善可能有助于，过度诊断也是一种可能。这篇综述侧重于流行病学，危险因素，与分化型TC（DTC）相关的免疫微环境。
■在Scielo进行了搜索，Scopus,和EMBASE数据库，共72条。TC是最常见的内分泌肿瘤，DTC形式占主导地位。它的发病率在全球范围内上升，尤其是45岁以上的女性。DTC的内源性危险因素包括遗传性疾病，种族,年龄,女性性别,肥胖，和2型糖尿病。环境风险涉及电离辐射，无论是通过治疗还是核事故造成的环境污染，碘缺乏,内分泌干扰物,居住在火山地区，环境污染,和压力。抗肥胖药物的使用仍然存在争议。肿瘤的免疫微环境是肿瘤细胞与宿主细胞相互作用的组织学空间,对于理解侵略性至关重要。免疫疗法成为一种有希望的干预措施。
■DTC管理的最新进展提供了变革性的潜力，需要合作努力才能实施。像精准医学这样的新兴领域，分子谱分析,免疫疗法为未来的探索提供了令人兴奋的前景，塑造甲状腺癌研究诊断和治疗策略的下一个时代。
全球甲状腺癌（TC）发病率显著上升，部分归因于诊断改善和潜在的过度诊断。这篇综述侧重于流行病学，危险因素，与分化型TC（DTC）相关的免疫微环境。DTC是最常见的内分泌肿瘤，主要影响45岁以上的女性。内源性危险因素包括遗传性疾病，种族,年龄,女性性别,肥胖，2型糖尿病（T2DM）。环境风险包括电离辐射，碘缺乏,内分泌干扰物,火山住宅,污染,和压力。胰高血糖素样肽1激动剂的使用仍然存在争议。肿瘤的免疫微环境对于理解侵袭性至关重要，免疫疗法显示出希望。了解宏观和微观环境因素对于制定有效的DTC预防和治疗策略至关重要。
■在Scielo进行了搜索，Scopus,和EMBASE数据库，共72条。TC是最常见的内分泌肿瘤，DTC形式占主导地位。它的发病率在全球范围内上升，尤其是45岁以上的女性。DTC的内源性危险因素包括遗传性疾病，种族,年龄,女性性别,肥胖，和2型糖尿病。环境风险涉及电离辐射，无论是通过治疗还是核事故造成的环境污染，碘缺乏,内分泌干扰物,居住在火山地区，环境污染,和压力。抗肥胖药物的使用仍然存在争议。肿瘤的免疫微环境是肿瘤细胞与宿主细胞相互作用的组织学空间,对于理解侵略性至关重要。免疫疗法成为一种有希望的干预措施。
■DTC管理的最新进展提供了变革性的潜力，需要合作努力才能实施。像精准医学这样的新兴领域，分子谱分析,免疫疗法为未来的探索提供了令人兴奋的前景，塑造甲状腺癌研究诊断和治疗策略的下一个时代。
全球甲状腺癌（TC）发病率显著上升，部分归因于诊断改善和潜在的过度诊断。这篇综述侧重于流行病学，危险因素，与分化型TC（DTC）相关的免疫微环境。DTC是最常见的内分泌肿瘤，主要影响45岁以上的女性。内源性危险因素包括遗传性疾病，种族,年龄,女性性别,肥胖，2型糖尿病（T2DM）。环境风险包括电离辐射，碘缺乏,内分泌干扰物,火山住宅,污染,和压力。胰高血糖素样肽1激动剂的使用仍然存在争议。肿瘤的免疫微环境对于理解侵袭性至关重要，免疫疗法显示出希望。了解宏观和微观环境因素对于制定有效的DTC预防和治疗策略至关重要。
