Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: The Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes - Stuttering (POSHA-S, St. Louis, 2013) was developed as a standard measure of public attitudes about people who stutter. As with any survey-based methods, threats to validity may occur because of social desirability bias. Using computer mouse-tracking, we were interested in observing changes in cognition that are manifested in intentionality through action by evaluating underlying cognitive processes that drive social judgments of people who stutter.
METHODS: Twenty-two women, 1 non-binary person, and 47 men reported using a computer mouse to complete an online, remote, and modified version of the POSHA-S. Responses were categorized as correct/helpful or incorrect/unhelpful relative to each component of the POSHA-S and were used as measures of explicit cognitive processes. Computer-mouse trajectory metrics, including area under the curve (AUC) and reaction time (RT), were used to measure implicit cognitive processes.
RESULTS: Although participants\' explicit responses were significantly more likely to be correct/helpful than incorrect/unhelpful, with endorsement of correct/helpful prompts 77 % of the time, participants also endorsed incorrect/unhelpful prompts more than half (i.e., 52 %) of the time. Familiarity with people who stutter was associated with disagreeing with incorrect/unhelpful prompts. As indicated by greater AUC, participants exhibited significantly more implicit cognitive processes indicating competition when responding \"disagree\" compared to \"agree\", regardless of whether the prompts were correct/helpful or incorrect/unhelpful. Similarly, participants took significantly longer to respond to prompts with \"disagree\" rather than \"agree\".
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study offer evidence of participants reporting cognitive processes that are overall more correct/helpful than incorrect/unhelpful, in their explicit responses to the dichotomous response tasks of the POSHA-S. However, these findings are tempered by evidence of a tendency to agree with statements in the measure and suggest the need for further research to increase understanding of how to measure and improve explicit and implicit cognitive processes related to people who stutter.
METHODS: Twenty-two women, 1 non-binary person, and 47 men reported using a computer mouse to complete an online, remote, and modified version of the POSHA-S. Responses were categorized as correct/helpful or incorrect/unhelpful relative to each component of the POSHA-S and were used as measures of explicit cognitive processes. Computer-mouse trajectory metrics, including area under the curve (AUC) and reaction time (RT), were used to measure implicit cognitive processes.
RESULTS: Although participants\' explicit responses were significantly more likely to be correct/helpful than incorrect/unhelpful, with endorsement of correct/helpful prompts 77 % of the time, participants also endorsed incorrect/unhelpful prompts more than half (i.e., 52 %) of the time. Familiarity with people who stutter was associated with disagreeing with incorrect/unhelpful prompts. As indicated by greater AUC, participants exhibited significantly more implicit cognitive processes indicating competition when responding \"disagree\" compared to \"agree\", regardless of whether the prompts were correct/helpful or incorrect/unhelpful. Similarly, participants took significantly longer to respond to prompts with \"disagree\" rather than \"agree\".
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study offer evidence of participants reporting cognitive processes that are overall more correct/helpful than incorrect/unhelpful, in their explicit responses to the dichotomous response tasks of the POSHA-S. However, these findings are tempered by evidence of a tendency to agree with statements in the measure and suggest the need for further research to increase understanding of how to measure and improve explicit and implicit cognitive processes related to people who stutter.
摘要：
目标：人类属性的舆论调查-口吃(POSHA-S，圣路易斯,2013)被开发为公众对口吃者态度的标准衡量标准。与任何基于调查的方法一样，由于社会可取性偏见，可能会对有效性构成威胁。使用电脑鼠标跟踪，我们感兴趣的是观察认知的变化，这些变化通过评估潜在的认知过程来驱动对口吃者的社会判断，从而通过行动表现为意向性。
方法：22名女性，1个非二元的人，47名男子报告使用电脑鼠标在网上完成一项，远程,和POSHA-S的修改版本相对于POSHA-S的每个组成部分，反应被分类为正确/有帮助或不正确/无帮助，并被用作明确认知过程的度量。电脑鼠标轨迹指标，包括曲线下面积（AUC）和反应时间（RT），用于测量内隐认知过程。
结果：尽管参与者明确的回答比不正确/无益的回答更可能是正确/有帮助的，在77%的时间内认可正确/有用的提示，参与者还认可了一半以上的不正确/无益的提示(即，52%)的时间。熟悉口吃的人与不同意不正确/无益的提示有关。如更大的AUC所示，与“同意”相比，参与者在回答“不同意”时表现出明显更多的内隐认知过程，表明竞争无论提示是否正确/有用或不正确/无益。同样，参与者用“不同意”而不是“同意”来回答提示的时间明显更长。
结论：这项研究的结果提供了证据，表明参与者报告的认知过程总体上比不正确/无益更正确/有用，对POSHA-S的二分响应任务的明确响应然而,这些发现被倾向于与测量中的陈述一致的证据所削弱，并表明有必要进行进一步的研究，以增加对如何测量和改善与口吃者相关的外显和内隐认知过程的理解。
方法：22名女性，1个非二元的人，47名男子报告使用电脑鼠标在网上完成一项，远程,和POSHA-S的修改版本相对于POSHA-S的每个组成部分，反应被分类为正确/有帮助或不正确/无帮助，并被用作明确认知过程的度量。电脑鼠标轨迹指标，包括曲线下面积（AUC）和反应时间（RT），用于测量内隐认知过程。
结果：尽管参与者明确的回答比不正确/无益的回答更可能是正确/有帮助的，在77%的时间内认可正确/有用的提示，参与者还认可了一半以上的不正确/无益的提示(即，52%)的时间。熟悉口吃的人与不同意不正确/无益的提示有关。如更大的AUC所示，与“同意”相比，参与者在回答“不同意”时表现出明显更多的内隐认知过程，表明竞争无论提示是否正确/有用或不正确/无益。同样，参与者用“不同意”而不是“同意”来回答提示的时间明显更长。
结论：这项研究的结果提供了证据，表明参与者报告的认知过程总体上比不正确/无益更正确/有用，对POSHA-S的二分响应任务的明确响应然而,这些发现被倾向于与测量中的陈述一致的证据所削弱，并表明有必要进行进一步的研究，以增加对如何测量和改善与口吃者相关的外显和内隐认知过程的理解。
