Abstract：
Addressing the threat of harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) and their associated microcystins (MCs) is crucial for global drinking water safety. In this review, we comprehensively analyze and compares the physical, chemical, and biological methods and genetic engineering for MCs degradation in aquatic environments. Physical methods, such as UV treatments and photocatalytic reactions, have a high efficiency in breaking down MCs, with the potential for further enhancement in performance and reduction of hazardous byproducts. Chemical treatments using chlorine dioxide and potassium permanganate can reduce MC levels but require careful dosage management to avoid toxic by-products and protect aquatic ecosystems. Biological methods, including microbial degradation and phytoremediation techniques, show promise for the biodegradation of MCs, offering reduced environmental impact and increased sustainability. Genetic engineering, such as immobilization of microcystinase A (MlrA) in Escherichia coli and its expression in Synechocystis sp., has proven effective in decomposing MCs such as MC-LR. However, challenges related to specific environmental conditions such as temperature variations, pH levels, presence of other contaminants, nutrient availability, oxygen levels, and light exposure, as well as scalability of biological systems, necessitate further exploration. We provide a comprehensive evaluation of MCs degradation techniques, delving into their practicality, assessing the environmental impacts, and scrutinizing their efficiency to offer crucial insights into the multifaceted nature of these methods in various environmental contexts. The integration of various methodologies to enhance degradation efficiency is vital in the field of water safety, underscoring the need for ongoing innovation.
摘要：
应对有害蓝藻水华（CyanoHAB）及其相关微囊藻毒素（MC）的威胁对于全球饮用水安全至关重要。在这次审查中,我们全面分析和比较了身体，化学,以及水生环境中MCs降解的生物学方法和基因工程。物理方法,如紫外线处理和光催化反应，在分解MC方面有很高的效率，具有进一步提高性能和减少危险副产品的潜力。使用二氧化氯和高锰酸钾的化学处理可以降低MC水平，但需要谨慎的剂量管理，以避免有毒副产物并保护水生生态系统。生物方法,包括微生物降解和植物修复技术，显示出MCs生物降解的希望，提供减少的环境影响和增加的可持续性。基因工程,例如微囊藻毒素酶A（MlrA）在大肠杆菌中的固定及其在集胞藻属中的表达。,已证明在分解MC如MC-LR方面是有效的。然而,与温度变化等特定环境条件相关的挑战，pH值,其他污染物的存在，营养可用性，氧气水平,和曝光，以及生物系统的可扩展性，需要进一步探索。我们提供了对MC降解技术的全面评估，深入研究它们的实用性，评估环境影响，并仔细检查它们的效率，以提供对这些方法在各种环境背景下的多面性的关键见解。整合各种方法以提高降解效率在水安全领域至关重要，强调持续创新的必要性。
