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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Half of the world\'s children experience violence every year, but the meaning of violence is not universally agreed. We may therefore risk failing to measure, and address, the acts that matter most to children and adolescents. In this paper, we describe and synthesise evidence on how children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa conceptualise different behavioural acts which are deemed violence in childhood under WHO and UN CRC definitions.
RESULTS: We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies. We searched PsychINFO, CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, Medline and ERIC for all publications released prior to March 2023. 30 papers met inclusion criteria. We synthesised primary data from children and adolescents and drew upon theoretical and contextual interpretations of authors of included studies. Only 12 of more than 45 sub-Saharan African countries were represented with relevant research. Of the 30 included papers, 25 came from three countries: South Africa, Uganda and Ghana. Only 10 of 30 papers reported data from young children (pre-adolescence), and 18 of 30 papers primarily focused on sexual violence. 14 studies used child friendly and/or participatory methods. From this limited evidence, we identified six overarching themes in how children and adolescents conceptualised their experiences of acts internationally recognised as violence: 1) adults abusing or neglecting responsibility; 2) sexual violence from peers, family and community members; 3) violence in established intimate relationships; 4) emotional violence surrounding sex from peers and community members; 5) fighting and beating between peers; 6) street and community dangers. No studies meeting our inclusion criteria specifically examined children or adolescents\' conceptualisations of homophobic or transphobic violence; violence against children with disabilities; boys\' experiences of sexual violence from male perpetrators; trafficking, modern slavery or conflict; child labour; or female genital mutilation. We found that three dimensions were important in how children and adolescents constructed conceptualisations of violence: their age, relationship to the perpetrator, and the physical location of acts they had experienced. These dimensions were interrelated and gendered.
CONCLUSIONS: The current limited evidence base suggests children and adolescents\' conceptualisations of violence overlapped with, but were also distinct from, the WHO and UNCRC definitions of violence. Currently international survey tools focus on measuring types and frequencies of particular acts and neglect to focus on children\'s understandings of those acts. Relationship to perpetrator, age of child, physical location are all important in how children conceptualise their experiences of acts internationally recognised as violence, and therefore might be important for their health and social outcomes. Those developing measures should account for these dimensions when developing items for testing.
RESULTS: We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies. We searched PsychINFO, CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, Medline and ERIC for all publications released prior to March 2023. 30 papers met inclusion criteria. We synthesised primary data from children and adolescents and drew upon theoretical and contextual interpretations of authors of included studies. Only 12 of more than 45 sub-Saharan African countries were represented with relevant research. Of the 30 included papers, 25 came from three countries: South Africa, Uganda and Ghana. Only 10 of 30 papers reported data from young children (pre-adolescence), and 18 of 30 papers primarily focused on sexual violence. 14 studies used child friendly and/or participatory methods. From this limited evidence, we identified six overarching themes in how children and adolescents conceptualised their experiences of acts internationally recognised as violence: 1) adults abusing or neglecting responsibility; 2) sexual violence from peers, family and community members; 3) violence in established intimate relationships; 4) emotional violence surrounding sex from peers and community members; 5) fighting and beating between peers; 6) street and community dangers. No studies meeting our inclusion criteria specifically examined children or adolescents\' conceptualisations of homophobic or transphobic violence; violence against children with disabilities; boys\' experiences of sexual violence from male perpetrators; trafficking, modern slavery or conflict; child labour; or female genital mutilation. We found that three dimensions were important in how children and adolescents constructed conceptualisations of violence: their age, relationship to the perpetrator, and the physical location of acts they had experienced. These dimensions were interrelated and gendered.
CONCLUSIONS: The current limited evidence base suggests children and adolescents\' conceptualisations of violence overlapped with, but were also distinct from, the WHO and UNCRC definitions of violence. Currently international survey tools focus on measuring types and frequencies of particular acts and neglect to focus on children\'s understandings of those acts. Relationship to perpetrator, age of child, physical location are all important in how children conceptualise their experiences of acts internationally recognised as violence, and therefore might be important for their health and social outcomes. Those developing measures should account for these dimensions when developing items for testing.
摘要：
背景：世界上每年有一半的儿童遭受暴力，但是暴力的含义并不普遍。因此，我们可能有无法衡量的风险，和地址,对儿童和青少年最重要的行为。在本文中,我们描述并综合了撒哈拉以南非洲儿童和青少年如何将不同行为行为概念化的证据,这些行为在世卫组织和联合国儿童权利委员会的定义下被视为儿童暴力.
结果：我们对定性研究进行了系统评价。我们搜索了心理信息,CINAHL,Embase,全球卫生,Medline和ERIC适用于2023年3月之前发布的所有出版物。30篇论文符合纳入标准。我们综合了儿童和青少年的主要数据，并借鉴了纳入研究的作者的理论和背景解释。在45个以上的撒哈拉以南非洲国家中，只有12个国家参加了相关研究。在包括的30篇论文中，25来自三个国家：南非，乌干达和加纳。30篇论文中只有10篇报道了幼儿（青春期前）的数据，30篇论文中有18篇主要关注性暴力。14项研究使用了儿童友好和/或参与式方法。从这有限的证据来看,我们确定了六个总体主题，即儿童和青少年如何将他们对国际公认的暴力行为的经历概念化：1）成年人滥用或忽视责任；2）来自同龄人的性暴力，家庭和社区成员；3）已建立的亲密关系中的暴力；4）同龄人和社区成员围绕性行为的情感暴力；5）同龄人之间的战斗和殴打；6）街头和社区危险。没有符合我们纳入标准的研究专门审查了儿童或青少年对同性恋或跨性别暴力的概念；对残疾儿童的暴力行为；男孩遭受男性犯罪者的性暴力；贩运，现代奴役或冲突；童工；或切割女性生殖器官。我们发现，三个维度在儿童和青少年如何构建暴力概念方面很重要：他们的年龄，与犯罪者的关系，以及他们所经历的行为的物理位置。这些维度是相互关联和性别区分的。
结论：当前有限的证据基础表明，儿童和青少年对暴力的概念化与，但也不同于，世卫组织和UNCRC对暴力的定义。目前，国际调查工具侧重于衡量特定行为的类型和频率，而忽视了儿童对这些行为的理解。与犯罪者的关系，孩子的年龄,物理位置对于儿童如何概念化他们在国际上公认的暴力行为的经历都很重要，因此对他们的健康和社会结果可能很重要。在开发用于测试的项目时，这些开发措施应考虑这些尺寸。
结果：我们对定性研究进行了系统评价。我们搜索了心理信息,CINAHL,Embase,全球卫生,Medline和ERIC适用于2023年3月之前发布的所有出版物。30篇论文符合纳入标准。我们综合了儿童和青少年的主要数据，并借鉴了纳入研究的作者的理论和背景解释。在45个以上的撒哈拉以南非洲国家中，只有12个国家参加了相关研究。在包括的30篇论文中，25来自三个国家：南非，乌干达和加纳。30篇论文中只有10篇报道了幼儿（青春期前）的数据，30篇论文中有18篇主要关注性暴力。14项研究使用了儿童友好和/或参与式方法。从这有限的证据来看,我们确定了六个总体主题，即儿童和青少年如何将他们对国际公认的暴力行为的经历概念化：1）成年人滥用或忽视责任；2）来自同龄人的性暴力，家庭和社区成员；3）已建立的亲密关系中的暴力；4）同龄人和社区成员围绕性行为的情感暴力；5）同龄人之间的战斗和殴打；6）街头和社区危险。没有符合我们纳入标准的研究专门审查了儿童或青少年对同性恋或跨性别暴力的概念；对残疾儿童的暴力行为；男孩遭受男性犯罪者的性暴力；贩运，现代奴役或冲突；童工；或切割女性生殖器官。我们发现，三个维度在儿童和青少年如何构建暴力概念方面很重要：他们的年龄，与犯罪者的关系，以及他们所经历的行为的物理位置。这些维度是相互关联和性别区分的。
结论：当前有限的证据基础表明，儿童和青少年对暴力的概念化与，但也不同于，世卫组织和UNCRC对暴力的定义。目前，国际调查工具侧重于衡量特定行为的类型和频率，而忽视了儿童对这些行为的理解。与犯罪者的关系，孩子的年龄,物理位置对于儿童如何概念化他们在国际上公认的暴力行为的经历都很重要，因此对他们的健康和社会结果可能很重要。在开发用于测试的项目时，这些开发措施应考虑这些尺寸。
