Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Here, we will review different bacterial causes of respiratory tract infections and discuss the available diagnostic methods. Moreover, we will provide some recently published patents and newer techniques, such as respiratory panels and omics approaches, and express the challenges in this path.
BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) include those infections that can lead to the involvement of different respiratory parts, including the sinuses, throat, airways, and lungs. Acute respiratory tract infection is the leading cause of death from infectious illnesses worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, 1.6 to 2.2 million deaths have occurred due to acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age. About 4 million people die annually from respiratory infections, 98% of which are caused by lower respiratory infections.
RESULTS: Depending on the type of pathogen, the severity of the infection can vary from mild to severe and even cause death. The most important pathogens involved in respiratory tract infections include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. The symptoms are often similar, but the treatment can vary greatly. Therefore, correct diagnosis is so important. There are several methods for diagnosing respiratory infections. Traditional tests include the culture of respiratory samples, considered the primary tool for diagnosing respiratory infections in laboratories, and less common standard tests include rapid and antigenic tests. It is essential to think that the culture method is reliable. In the original method of diagnosing respiratory infections, some bacteria were challenging to grow successfully, and many clinical laboratories needed to be equipped for viral cultures. Another issue is the time to get the results, which may take up to 7 days. Rapid and antigenic tests are faster but need to be more accurate.
CONCLUSIONS: The clinical laboratories are trying to be equipped with molecular methods for detecting respiratory pathogens and identifying the genetic material of the infectious agent in these new methods as the primary method in their agenda.
BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) include those infections that can lead to the involvement of different respiratory parts, including the sinuses, throat, airways, and lungs. Acute respiratory tract infection is the leading cause of death from infectious illnesses worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, 1.6 to 2.2 million deaths have occurred due to acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age. About 4 million people die annually from respiratory infections, 98% of which are caused by lower respiratory infections.
RESULTS: Depending on the type of pathogen, the severity of the infection can vary from mild to severe and even cause death. The most important pathogens involved in respiratory tract infections include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. The symptoms are often similar, but the treatment can vary greatly. Therefore, correct diagnosis is so important. There are several methods for diagnosing respiratory infections. Traditional tests include the culture of respiratory samples, considered the primary tool for diagnosing respiratory infections in laboratories, and less common standard tests include rapid and antigenic tests. It is essential to think that the culture method is reliable. In the original method of diagnosing respiratory infections, some bacteria were challenging to grow successfully, and many clinical laboratories needed to be equipped for viral cultures. Another issue is the time to get the results, which may take up to 7 days. Rapid and antigenic tests are faster but need to be more accurate.
CONCLUSIONS: The clinical laboratories are trying to be equipped with molecular methods for detecting respiratory pathogens and identifying the genetic material of the infectious agent in these new methods as the primary method in their agenda.
摘要：
目的：这里，我们将回顾呼吸道感染的不同细菌原因，并讨论可用的诊断方法。此外，我们将提供一些最近公布的专利和新技术，如呼吸面板和组学方法，并表达这条道路上的挑战。
背景：呼吸道感染（RTIs）包括那些可导致不同呼吸道部位受累的感染，包括鼻窦,喉咙,气道,还有肺.急性呼吸道感染是世界范围内传染病死亡的主要原因。根据世界卫生组织，五岁以下儿童因急性呼吸道感染死亡160万至220万人。每年约有400万人死于呼吸道感染，其中98%是由下呼吸道感染引起的。
结果：根据病原体的类型，感染的严重程度可以从轻度到重度不等，甚至导致死亡。与呼吸道感染有关的最重要的病原体包括肺炎链球菌，流感嗜血杆菌,和卡他莫拉菌.症状通常相似，但是治疗方法可能有很大差异。因此,正确的诊断非常重要。有几种诊断呼吸道感染的方法。传统的测试包括呼吸道样本的培养，被认为是实验室诊断呼吸道感染的主要工具，不太常见的标准测试包括快速和抗原测试。必须认为文化方法是可靠的。在最初诊断呼吸道感染的方法中，一些细菌很难成功生长，和许多临床实验室需要配备病毒培养。另一个问题是得到结果的时间，这可能需要7天。快速和抗原测试更快，但需要更准确。
结论：临床实验室正在尝试配备分子方法来检测呼吸道病原体，并在这些新方法中鉴定感染因子的遗传物质，作为其议程中的主要方法。
背景：呼吸道感染（RTIs）包括那些可导致不同呼吸道部位受累的感染，包括鼻窦,喉咙,气道,还有肺.急性呼吸道感染是世界范围内传染病死亡的主要原因。根据世界卫生组织，五岁以下儿童因急性呼吸道感染死亡160万至220万人。每年约有400万人死于呼吸道感染，其中98%是由下呼吸道感染引起的。
结果：根据病原体的类型，感染的严重程度可以从轻度到重度不等，甚至导致死亡。与呼吸道感染有关的最重要的病原体包括肺炎链球菌，流感嗜血杆菌,和卡他莫拉菌.症状通常相似，但是治疗方法可能有很大差异。因此,正确的诊断非常重要。有几种诊断呼吸道感染的方法。传统的测试包括呼吸道样本的培养，被认为是实验室诊断呼吸道感染的主要工具，不太常见的标准测试包括快速和抗原测试。必须认为文化方法是可靠的。在最初诊断呼吸道感染的方法中，一些细菌很难成功生长，和许多临床实验室需要配备病毒培养。另一个问题是得到结果的时间，这可能需要7天。快速和抗原测试更快，但需要更准确。
结论：临床实验室正在尝试配备分子方法来检测呼吸道病原体，并在这些新方法中鉴定感染因子的遗传物质，作为其议程中的主要方法。
