PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Animal health surveillance systems in Kenya have undergone significant changes and faced various challenges throughout the years.
UNASSIGNED: In this article, we present a comprehensive overview of the Kenya animal health surveillance system (1944 to 2024), based on a review of archived documents, a scoping literature review, and an examination of past surveillance assessments and evaluation reports.
UNASSIGNED: The review of archived documents revealed key historical events that have shaped the surveillance system. These include the establishment of the Directorate of Veterinary Services in 1895, advancements in livestock farming, the implementation of mandatory disease control interventions in 1944, the growth of veterinary services from a section to a ministry in 1954, the disruption caused by the Mau Mau insurrection from 1952 to 1954, which led to the temporary halt of agriculture in certain regions until 1955, the transition of veterinary clinical services from public to private, and the progressive privatization plan for veterinary services starting in 1976. Additionally, we highlight the development of electronic surveillance from 2003 to 2024. The scoping literature review, assessments and evaluation reports uncovered several strengths and weaknesses of the surveillance system. Among the strengths are a robust legislative framework, the adoption of technology in surveillance practices, the existence of a formal intersectoral coordination platform, the implementation of syndromic, sentinel, and community-based surveillance methods, and the presence of a feedback mechanism. On the other hand, the system\'s weaknesses include the inadequate implementation of strategies and enforcement of laws, the lack of standard case definitions for priority diseases, underutilization of laboratory services, the absence of formal mechanisms for data sharing across sectors, insufficient resources for surveillance and response, limited integration of surveillance and laboratory systems, inadequate involvement of private actors and communities in disease surveillance, and the absence of a direct supervisory role between the national and county veterinary services.
UNASSIGNED: To establish an effective early warning system, we propose the integration of surveillance systems and the establishment of formal data sharing mechanisms. Furthermore, we recommend enhancing technological advancements and adopting artificial intelligence in surveillance practices, as well as implementing risk-based surveillance to optimize the allocation of surveillance resources.
UNASSIGNED: In this article, we present a comprehensive overview of the Kenya animal health surveillance system (1944 to 2024), based on a review of archived documents, a scoping literature review, and an examination of past surveillance assessments and evaluation reports.
UNASSIGNED: The review of archived documents revealed key historical events that have shaped the surveillance system. These include the establishment of the Directorate of Veterinary Services in 1895, advancements in livestock farming, the implementation of mandatory disease control interventions in 1944, the growth of veterinary services from a section to a ministry in 1954, the disruption caused by the Mau Mau insurrection from 1952 to 1954, which led to the temporary halt of agriculture in certain regions until 1955, the transition of veterinary clinical services from public to private, and the progressive privatization plan for veterinary services starting in 1976. Additionally, we highlight the development of electronic surveillance from 2003 to 2024. The scoping literature review, assessments and evaluation reports uncovered several strengths and weaknesses of the surveillance system. Among the strengths are a robust legislative framework, the adoption of technology in surveillance practices, the existence of a formal intersectoral coordination platform, the implementation of syndromic, sentinel, and community-based surveillance methods, and the presence of a feedback mechanism. On the other hand, the system\'s weaknesses include the inadequate implementation of strategies and enforcement of laws, the lack of standard case definitions for priority diseases, underutilization of laboratory services, the absence of formal mechanisms for data sharing across sectors, insufficient resources for surveillance and response, limited integration of surveillance and laboratory systems, inadequate involvement of private actors and communities in disease surveillance, and the absence of a direct supervisory role between the national and county veterinary services.
UNASSIGNED: To establish an effective early warning system, we propose the integration of surveillance systems and the establishment of formal data sharing mechanisms. Furthermore, we recommend enhancing technological advancements and adopting artificial intelligence in surveillance practices, as well as implementing risk-based surveillance to optimize the allocation of surveillance resources.
摘要：
■多年来，肯尼亚的动物健康监测系统发生了重大变化，并面临各种挑战。
■在本文中，我们对肯尼亚动物健康监测系统(1944年至2024年)进行了全面概述，基于对存档文件的审查，范围界定文献综述，以及检查过去的监测评估和评估报告。
■对存档文件的审查揭示了塑造监控系统的关键历史事件。其中包括1895年成立的兽医服务局，畜牧业的进步，1944年强制性疾病控制干预措施的实施，1954年兽医服务从一个部门发展到一个部门，1952年至1954年的茂茂起义造成的破坏，导致某些地区的农业暂时停止，直到1955年，兽医临床服务从公共到私人的过渡，以及从1976年开始的兽医服务逐步私有化计划。此外,我们强调2003年至2024年电子监察的发展。范围界定文献综述，评估和评估报告揭示了监测系统的几个优点和缺点。优势之一是强大的立法框架，在监视实践中采用技术，正式的部门间协调平台的存在，综合征的实施，哨兵,和基于社区的监测方法，以及反馈机制的存在。另一方面,该系统的弱点包括战略实施和法律执行不力，缺乏对优先疾病的标准病例定义，实验室服务利用不足，缺乏跨部门数据共享的正式机制，监测和应对资源不足，监测和实验室系统的有限整合，私人行为者和社区参与疾病监测不足，以及国家和县兽医服务之间缺乏直接的监督作用。
■为了建立有效的预警系统，我们建议整合监控系统，建立正式的数据共享机制。此外，我们建议加强技术进步，并在监控实践中采用人工智能，以及实施基于风险的监测，以优化监测资源的分配。
■在本文中，我们对肯尼亚动物健康监测系统(1944年至2024年)进行了全面概述，基于对存档文件的审查，范围界定文献综述，以及检查过去的监测评估和评估报告。
■对存档文件的审查揭示了塑造监控系统的关键历史事件。其中包括1895年成立的兽医服务局，畜牧业的进步，1944年强制性疾病控制干预措施的实施，1954年兽医服务从一个部门发展到一个部门，1952年至1954年的茂茂起义造成的破坏，导致某些地区的农业暂时停止，直到1955年，兽医临床服务从公共到私人的过渡，以及从1976年开始的兽医服务逐步私有化计划。此外,我们强调2003年至2024年电子监察的发展。范围界定文献综述，评估和评估报告揭示了监测系统的几个优点和缺点。优势之一是强大的立法框架，在监视实践中采用技术，正式的部门间协调平台的存在，综合征的实施，哨兵,和基于社区的监测方法，以及反馈机制的存在。另一方面,该系统的弱点包括战略实施和法律执行不力，缺乏对优先疾病的标准病例定义，实验室服务利用不足，缺乏跨部门数据共享的正式机制，监测和应对资源不足，监测和实验室系统的有限整合，私人行为者和社区参与疾病监测不足，以及国家和县兽医服务之间缺乏直接的监督作用。
■为了建立有效的预警系统，我们建议整合监控系统，建立正式的数据共享机制。此外，我们建议加强技术进步，并在监控实践中采用人工智能，以及实施基于风险的监测，以优化监测资源的分配。
