Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to conduct a thorough comparison between the hand hygiene information included in international nursing textbooks and the Slovenian nursing textbook\'s equivalent content as it relates to nursing procedures.
BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene practices are crucial in preventing healthcare-associated infections, which affect millions of patients annually. The idea behind \"Five Moments for Hand Hygiene\" is to encourage assessing success and boosting self-efficacy.
METHODS: Comparison of hand hygiene content in international nursing textbooks with the content in a Slovenian nursing textbook.
METHODS: A study was conducted between March 2023 and March 2024 to compare hand hygiene content in international nursing textbooks. The study included textbooks from the USA and UK, as well as Slovenian (SI) textbooks. The final phase involved comparing hand hygiene performance practices against the WHO Five Moments for Hand Hygiene.
RESULTS: The study reviewed 470 nursing procedures across three textbooks, identifying four common ones: female indwelling urinary catheterisation, small-bore feeding tube insertion, enema administration and subcutaneous injections. The USA textbook had the highest number of steps, while the UK textbook had the lowest. Clean protective gloves are not recommended for all nursing procedures, only for small-bore feeding tube insertion and enema administration. The US textbook omitted 12 steps for the female indwelling urinary catheter procedure, while the UK textbook included 10 steps. The SI textbook omitted 8 steps.
CONCLUSIONS: Hand hygiene is crucial for healthcare infections prevention and control. The study found differences in the frequency of hand hygiene in these nursing procedures. WHO\'s Five Moments for Hand Hygiene guidelines are not universally accepted, with inadequate hygiene often observed before patient contact. Future research should review foreign textbooks and update existing ones.
BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene practices are crucial in preventing healthcare-associated infections, which affect millions of patients annually. The idea behind \"Five Moments for Hand Hygiene\" is to encourage assessing success and boosting self-efficacy.
METHODS: Comparison of hand hygiene content in international nursing textbooks with the content in a Slovenian nursing textbook.
METHODS: A study was conducted between March 2023 and March 2024 to compare hand hygiene content in international nursing textbooks. The study included textbooks from the USA and UK, as well as Slovenian (SI) textbooks. The final phase involved comparing hand hygiene performance practices against the WHO Five Moments for Hand Hygiene.
RESULTS: The study reviewed 470 nursing procedures across three textbooks, identifying four common ones: female indwelling urinary catheterisation, small-bore feeding tube insertion, enema administration and subcutaneous injections. The USA textbook had the highest number of steps, while the UK textbook had the lowest. Clean protective gloves are not recommended for all nursing procedures, only for small-bore feeding tube insertion and enema administration. The US textbook omitted 12 steps for the female indwelling urinary catheter procedure, while the UK textbook included 10 steps. The SI textbook omitted 8 steps.
CONCLUSIONS: Hand hygiene is crucial for healthcare infections prevention and control. The study found differences in the frequency of hand hygiene in these nursing procedures. WHO\'s Five Moments for Hand Hygiene guidelines are not universally accepted, with inadequate hygiene often observed before patient contact. Future research should review foreign textbooks and update existing ones.
摘要：
目的：我们的目的是对国际护理教科书中包含的手卫生信息和斯洛文尼亚护理教科书中与护理程序相关的等效内容进行彻底比较。
背景：手卫生习惯对于预防医疗保健相关感染至关重要，每年影响数百万患者。“手部卫生的五个时刻”背后的想法是鼓励评估成功并提高自我效能。
方法：比较国际护理教科书中的手卫生内容与斯洛文尼亚护理教科书中的内容。
方法：在2023年3月至2024年3月之间进行了一项研究，以比较国际护理教科书中的手卫生内容。这项研究包括来自美国和英国的教科书，以及斯洛文尼亚（SI）教科书。最后阶段涉及将手卫生绩效实践与世卫组织“手卫生五个时刻”进行比较。
结果：该研究回顾了三本教科书中的470个护理程序，确定四个常见的：女性留置导尿，小口径饲管插入，灌肠给药和皮下注射。美国教科书的步数最高，而英国的教科书是最低的。不建议在所有护理程序中使用清洁防护手套，仅适用于小口径饲管插入和灌肠给药。美国教科书省略了女性留置导尿管程序的12个步骤，而英国的教科书包括10个步骤。SI教科书省略了8个步骤。
结论：手卫生对于预防和控制医疗保健感染至关重要。研究发现，在这些护理程序中，手卫生的频率存在差异。世卫组织的“手部卫生五个时刻”指南并未得到普遍接受，在患者接触之前经常观察到卫生不足。未来的研究应该回顾国外的教科书并更新现有的教科书。
背景：手卫生习惯对于预防医疗保健相关感染至关重要，每年影响数百万患者。“手部卫生的五个时刻”背后的想法是鼓励评估成功并提高自我效能。
方法：比较国际护理教科书中的手卫生内容与斯洛文尼亚护理教科书中的内容。
方法：在2023年3月至2024年3月之间进行了一项研究，以比较国际护理教科书中的手卫生内容。这项研究包括来自美国和英国的教科书，以及斯洛文尼亚（SI）教科书。最后阶段涉及将手卫生绩效实践与世卫组织“手卫生五个时刻”进行比较。
结果：该研究回顾了三本教科书中的470个护理程序，确定四个常见的：女性留置导尿，小口径饲管插入，灌肠给药和皮下注射。美国教科书的步数最高，而英国的教科书是最低的。不建议在所有护理程序中使用清洁防护手套，仅适用于小口径饲管插入和灌肠给药。美国教科书省略了女性留置导尿管程序的12个步骤，而英国的教科书包括10个步骤。SI教科书省略了8个步骤。
结论：手卫生对于预防和控制医疗保健感染至关重要。研究发现，在这些护理程序中，手卫生的频率存在差异。世卫组织的“手部卫生五个时刻”指南并未得到普遍接受，在患者接触之前经常观察到卫生不足。未来的研究应该回顾国外的教科书并更新现有的教科书。
