Abstract：
Radiotherapy is a key treatment option for a wide variety of human tumors, employed either alone or alongside with other therapeutic interventions. Radiotherapy uses high-energy particles to destroy tumor cells, blocking their ability to divide and proliferate. The effectiveness of radiotherapy is due to genetic and epigenetic factors that determine how tumor cells respond to ionizing radiation. These factors contribute to the establishment of resistance to radiotherapy, which increases the risk of poor clinical prognosis of patients. Although the mechanisms by which tumor cells induce radioresistance are unclear, evidence points out several contributing factors including the overexpression of DNA repair systems, increased levels of reactive oxygen species, alterations in the tumor microenvironment, and enrichment of cancer stem cell populations. In this context, dysregulation of microRNAs or miRNAs, critical regulators of gene expression, may influence how tumors respond to radiation. There is increasing evidence that miRNAs may act as sensitizers or enhancers of radioresistance, regulating key processes such as the DNA damage response and the cell death signaling pathway. Furthermore, expression and activity of miRNAs have shown informative value in overcoming radiotherapy and long-term radiotoxicity, revealing their potential as biomarkers. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms associated with the response to radiotherapy and highlight the central role of miRNAs in regulating the molecular mechanisms responsible for cellular radioresistance. We will also review radio-miRs, radiotherapy-related miRNAs, either as sensitizers or enhancers of radioresistance that hold promise as biomarkers or pharmacological targets to sensitize radioresistant cells.
摘要：
放射治疗是多种人类肿瘤的关键治疗选择，单独使用或与其他治疗干预措施一起使用。放射治疗使用高能粒子来摧毁肿瘤细胞,阻止他们分裂和增殖的能力。放射治疗的有效性是由于遗传和表观遗传因素决定了肿瘤细胞对电离辐射的反应。这些因素有助于建立对放射治疗的抵抗力，增加患者临床预后不良的风险。尽管肿瘤细胞诱导放射抗性的机制尚不清楚，证据指出了几个促成因素，包括DNA修复系统的过度表达，增加活性氧的水平，肿瘤微环境的改变，和癌症干细胞群的富集。在这种情况下，microRNAs或miRNAs的失调，基因表达的关键调节因子，可能会影响肿瘤对辐射的反应。越来越多的证据表明miRNAs可以作为辐射抗性的敏化剂或增强剂。调节关键过程，如DNA损伤反应和细胞死亡信号通路。此外，miRNA的表达和活性在克服放射治疗和长期放射性毒性方面显示出信息价值，揭示了它们作为生物标志物的潜力。在这次审查中,我们将讨论与放疗反应相关的分子机制，并强调miRNAs在调节细胞放射抗性的分子机制中的核心作用。我们还将审查无线电miRs，放疗相关miRNA，作为放射抗性的敏化剂或增强剂，有望作为生物标志物或药理靶标致敏放射抗性细胞。
