PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Intonation in speech is the control of vocal pitch to layer expressive meaning to communication, like increasing pitch to indicate a question. Also, stereotyped patterns of pitch are used to create distinct sounds with different denotations, like in tonal languages and, perhaps, the 10 sounds in the murine lexicon. A basic tone is created by exhalation through a constricted laryngeal voice box, and it is thought that more complex utterances are produced solely by dynamic changes in laryngeal tension. But perhaps, the shifting pitch also results from altering the swiftness of exhalation. Consistent with the latter model, we describe that intonation in most vocalization types follows deviations in exhalation that appear to be generated by the re-activation of the cardinal breathing muscle for inspiration. We also show that the brainstem vocalization central pattern generator, the iRO, can create this breath pattern. Consequently, ectopic activation of the iRO not only induces phonation, but also the pitch patterns that compose most of the vocalizations in the murine lexicon. These results reveal a novel brainstem mechanism for intonation.
摘要：
语音中的语调是对声音音调的控制，以分层表达对交流的意义，比如增加音调来表示问题。此外，音高的刻板模式用于创建具有不同外延的不同声音，像音调语言，也许,鼠类词典中的10种声音。基本的音调是通过收缩的喉部语音盒呼气产生的，人们认为，更复杂的话语仅由喉部张力的动态变化产生。但也许,音高的变化也是由呼气速度的变化引起的。与后一种模式一致，我们描述了大多数发声类型中的语调都是在呼气偏差之后出现的，这似乎是由于主呼吸肌肉的重新激活而产生的。我们还展示了脑干发声中枢模式发生器，iRO,可以创造这种呼吸模式。因此,iRO的异位激活不仅诱导发声，还有构成鼠类词典中大部分发声的音高模式。这些结果揭示了一种新的脑干语调机制。
