Abstract：
BACKGROUND: American Indian (AI) communities are affected by uranium exposure from abandoned mines and naturally contaminated drinking water. Few studies have evaluated geographical differences across AI communities and the role of dietary exposures.
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated differences in urinary uranium levels by diet and geographical area among AI participants from the Northern Plains, the Southern Plains, and the Southwest enrolled in the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS).
METHODS: We used food frequency questionnaires to determine dietary sources related to urinary uranium levels for 1,682 SHFS participants in 2001-2003. We calculated adjusted geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of urinary uranium for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in self-reported food group consumption accounting for family clustering and adjusting for sociodemographic variables and other food groups. We determined the percentage of variability in urinary uranium explained by diet.
RESULTS: Median (IQR) urinary uranium levels were 0.027 (0.012, 0.057) μg/g creatinine. Urinary uranium levels were higher in Arizona (median 0.039 μg/g) and North Dakota and South Dakota (median 0.038 μg/g) and lower in Oklahoma (median 0.019 μg/g). The adjusted percent increase (95% confidence interval) of urinary uranium levels per IQR increase in reported food intake was 20% (5%, 36%) for organ meat, 11% (1%, 23%) for cereals, and 14% (1%, 29%) for alcoholic drinks. In analyses stratified by study center, the association with organ meat was specific to North Dakota and South Dakota participants. An IQR increase in consumption of fries and chips was inversely associated with urinary uranium levels -11% (-19%, -3%). Overall, we estimated that self-reported dietary exposures explained 1.71% of variability in urine uranium levels.
CONCLUSIONS: Our paper provides a novel assessment of self-reported food intake and urinary uranium levels in a cohort of American Indian participants. We identify foods (organ meat, cereals, and alcohol) positively associated with urinary uranium levels, find that organ meat consumption is only associated with urine uranium in North Dakota and South Dakota, and estimate that diet explains relatively little variation in total urinary uranium concentrations. Our findings contribute meaningful data toward a more comprehensive estimation of uranium exposure among Native American communities and support the need for high-quality assessments of water and dust uranium exposures in SHFS communities.
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated differences in urinary uranium levels by diet and geographical area among AI participants from the Northern Plains, the Southern Plains, and the Southwest enrolled in the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS).
METHODS: We used food frequency questionnaires to determine dietary sources related to urinary uranium levels for 1,682 SHFS participants in 2001-2003. We calculated adjusted geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of urinary uranium for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in self-reported food group consumption accounting for family clustering and adjusting for sociodemographic variables and other food groups. We determined the percentage of variability in urinary uranium explained by diet.
RESULTS: Median (IQR) urinary uranium levels were 0.027 (0.012, 0.057) μg/g creatinine. Urinary uranium levels were higher in Arizona (median 0.039 μg/g) and North Dakota and South Dakota (median 0.038 μg/g) and lower in Oklahoma (median 0.019 μg/g). The adjusted percent increase (95% confidence interval) of urinary uranium levels per IQR increase in reported food intake was 20% (5%, 36%) for organ meat, 11% (1%, 23%) for cereals, and 14% (1%, 29%) for alcoholic drinks. In analyses stratified by study center, the association with organ meat was specific to North Dakota and South Dakota participants. An IQR increase in consumption of fries and chips was inversely associated with urinary uranium levels -11% (-19%, -3%). Overall, we estimated that self-reported dietary exposures explained 1.71% of variability in urine uranium levels.
CONCLUSIONS: Our paper provides a novel assessment of self-reported food intake and urinary uranium levels in a cohort of American Indian participants. We identify foods (organ meat, cereals, and alcohol) positively associated with urinary uranium levels, find that organ meat consumption is only associated with urine uranium in North Dakota and South Dakota, and estimate that diet explains relatively little variation in total urinary uranium concentrations. Our findings contribute meaningful data toward a more comprehensive estimation of uranium exposure among Native American communities and support the need for high-quality assessments of water and dust uranium exposures in SHFS communities.
摘要：
背景：美洲印第安人（AI）社区受到废弃矿山和自然污染饮用水的铀暴露的影响。很少有研究评估AI社区的地理差异以及饮食暴露的作用。
目的：我们通过饮食和地理区域评估了来自北部平原的AI参与者的尿铀水平差异，南部平原,西南地区参加了强心家庭研究（SHFS）。
方法：我们使用食物频率问卷来确定2001-2003年1,682名SHFS参与者与尿铀水平相关的饮食来源。我们计算了尿铀的调整几何平均比率（GMR），以计算自我报告的食物组消费的四分位数范围（IQR）增加，从而考虑了家庭聚类并调整了社会人口统计学变量和其他食物组。我们确定了由饮食解释的尿铀的变异性百分比。
结果：尿铀水平中位数（IQR）为0.027（0.012，0.057）μg/g肌酐。亚利桑那州（中位数0.039μg/g），北达科他州和南达科他州（中位数0.038μg/g）的尿铀水平较高，俄克拉荷马州的尿铀水平较低（中位数0.019μg/g）。报告的食物摄入量每IQR增加一次尿铀水平的调整百分比增加（95％置信区间）为20％（5％，36%)为器官肉，11%（1%，23%）用于谷物，和14%(1%，29%)为含酒精饮料。在按研究中心分层的分析中，与器官肉的关联是北达科他州和南达科他州参与者特有的.薯条和薯条消费量的IQR增加与尿铀水平-11％（-19％，-3%）。总的来说,我们估计,自我报告的饮食暴露解释了1.71%的尿铀水平变异性.
结论：我们的论文提供了一个新的评估自我报告的食物摄入量和尿铀水平在一组美洲印第安人参与者。我们识别食物(器官肉，谷物,和酒精）与尿铀水平呈正相关，在北达科他州和南达科他州发现器官肉的消耗只与尿铀有关，并估计饮食解释了尿中总铀浓度相对较小的变化。我们的发现为更全面地评估美洲原住民社区中的铀暴露提供了有意义的数据，并支持需要对SHFS社区中的水和粉尘铀暴露进行高质量评估。
目的：我们通过饮食和地理区域评估了来自北部平原的AI参与者的尿铀水平差异，南部平原,西南地区参加了强心家庭研究（SHFS）。
方法：我们使用食物频率问卷来确定2001-2003年1,682名SHFS参与者与尿铀水平相关的饮食来源。我们计算了尿铀的调整几何平均比率（GMR），以计算自我报告的食物组消费的四分位数范围（IQR）增加，从而考虑了家庭聚类并调整了社会人口统计学变量和其他食物组。我们确定了由饮食解释的尿铀的变异性百分比。
结果：尿铀水平中位数（IQR）为0.027（0.012，0.057）μg/g肌酐。亚利桑那州（中位数0.039μg/g），北达科他州和南达科他州（中位数0.038μg/g）的尿铀水平较高，俄克拉荷马州的尿铀水平较低（中位数0.019μg/g）。报告的食物摄入量每IQR增加一次尿铀水平的调整百分比增加（95％置信区间）为20％（5％，36%)为器官肉，11%（1%，23%）用于谷物，和14%(1%，29%)为含酒精饮料。在按研究中心分层的分析中，与器官肉的关联是北达科他州和南达科他州参与者特有的.薯条和薯条消费量的IQR增加与尿铀水平-11％（-19％，-3%）。总的来说,我们估计,自我报告的饮食暴露解释了1.71%的尿铀水平变异性.
结论：我们的论文提供了一个新的评估自我报告的食物摄入量和尿铀水平在一组美洲印第安人参与者。我们识别食物(器官肉，谷物,和酒精）与尿铀水平呈正相关，在北达科他州和南达科他州发现器官肉的消耗只与尿铀有关，并估计饮食解释了尿中总铀浓度相对较小的变化。我们的发现为更全面地评估美洲原住民社区中的铀暴露提供了有意义的数据，并支持需要对SHFS社区中的水和粉尘铀暴露进行高质量评估。
