PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The wild boar (Sus scrofa) was extinct in Sweden when a few animals established in the 1970s. Over the past 35 years, the species has made a substantial comeback. In this paper, we analyse wild boar population growth using three indices of population size. We also map the legislative decisions and research prompted by the expanding population. We discuss to what extent, in the eyes of the state, the view of wild boar and the management focus has shifted over time, from a perceived pest (eradication) to scarce (conservation), overabundant (reduction/control) or somewhere in between (sustainable management).
RESULTS: Wild boar harvest started in the early 1990s with a few hundred animals annually and peaked at 161,000 in 2020/2021. The distribution now comprises most of southern Sweden. Analyses of harvest and traffic accidents involving wild boar showed that the population grew exponentially until 2010/2011, after which the increase levelled off. Thus, logistic growth models showed the best fit for the full study period. We recorded 38 legislative decisions or commissions to government agencies regarding wild boar. The first decision in 1981 was to eradicate the free-ranging population. In 1987 however, the parliament decided that wild boar is native to Sweden and should be allowed in restricted extent. Later decisions mainly concerned hunting regulations and hunting methods as direct means to increase harvest and regulate the population. Another topic, increasing in importance over time, was to facilitate the use of wild boar meat to indirectly stimulate harvest. A local outbreak of African swine fever in 2023 necessitated a stamping out strategy in the affected area. We found 44 scientific papers regarding the present free-ranging population. Topics include movements and feeding patterns, hunting, reproduction, and population development.
CONCLUSIONS: The state historically regarded wild boar as a pest to be eradicated. This changed with the decision that wild boar should be allowed in restricted extent, suggesting a conservation approach. In response to population growth, the focus shifted to means facilitating sustainable management and, lately, reducing growth. The story of wild boar in Sweden illustrates attempts to mitigate conflicts and balance interests in wildlife management.
RESULTS: Wild boar harvest started in the early 1990s with a few hundred animals annually and peaked at 161,000 in 2020/2021. The distribution now comprises most of southern Sweden. Analyses of harvest and traffic accidents involving wild boar showed that the population grew exponentially until 2010/2011, after which the increase levelled off. Thus, logistic growth models showed the best fit for the full study period. We recorded 38 legislative decisions or commissions to government agencies regarding wild boar. The first decision in 1981 was to eradicate the free-ranging population. In 1987 however, the parliament decided that wild boar is native to Sweden and should be allowed in restricted extent. Later decisions mainly concerned hunting regulations and hunting methods as direct means to increase harvest and regulate the population. Another topic, increasing in importance over time, was to facilitate the use of wild boar meat to indirectly stimulate harvest. A local outbreak of African swine fever in 2023 necessitated a stamping out strategy in the affected area. We found 44 scientific papers regarding the present free-ranging population. Topics include movements and feeding patterns, hunting, reproduction, and population development.
CONCLUSIONS: The state historically regarded wild boar as a pest to be eradicated. This changed with the decision that wild boar should be allowed in restricted extent, suggesting a conservation approach. In response to population growth, the focus shifted to means facilitating sustainable management and, lately, reducing growth. The story of wild boar in Sweden illustrates attempts to mitigate conflicts and balance interests in wildlife management.
摘要：
背景：在瑞典，当一些动物在1970年代建立时，野猪（Susscrofa）就灭绝了。在过去的35年里,该物种已大规模卷土重来。在本文中,我们使用三个种群规模指数分析野猪种群增长。我们还绘制了由人口增长引起的立法决定和研究。我们讨论到什么程度，在国家的眼中，随着时间的推移，对野猪的看法和管理重点已经转移，从感知的害虫(根除)到稀缺(保护)，过剩(减少/控制)或介于两者之间(可持续管理)。
结果：野猪收获始于1990年代初，每年有几百只动物，在2020/2021年达到161,000只峰值。现在分布包括瑞典南部的大部分地区。对涉及野猪的收获和交通事故的分析表明，在2010/2011年之前，野猪种群呈指数增长，此后增长趋于平稳。因此，逻辑生长模型显示出整个研究期间的最佳拟合。我们记录了38项有关野猪的立法决定或委托给政府机构。1981年的第一个决定是根除自由放养人口。1987年,议会决定野猪原产于瑞典，应受到限制。后来的决定主要涉及狩猎法规和狩猎方法，作为增加收成和调节人口的直接手段。另一个话题,随着时间的推移，重要性越来越高，是为了方便使用野猪肉间接刺激收获。2023年非洲猪瘟在当地爆发，因此必须在受影响地区制定一项战略。我们发现了44篇关于目前自由放养人口的科学论文。主题包括运动和喂养模式，狩猎,繁殖，和人口发展。
结论：该州历史上将野猪视为应根除的害虫。这种情况随着决定允许限制野猪的决定而改变，建议一种保护方法。为了应对人口增长，重点转移到促进可持续管理的手段上，最近,减少增长。瑞典野猪的故事说明了在野生动物管理中缓解冲突和平衡利益的尝试。
结果：野猪收获始于1990年代初，每年有几百只动物，在2020/2021年达到161,000只峰值。现在分布包括瑞典南部的大部分地区。对涉及野猪的收获和交通事故的分析表明，在2010/2011年之前，野猪种群呈指数增长，此后增长趋于平稳。因此，逻辑生长模型显示出整个研究期间的最佳拟合。我们记录了38项有关野猪的立法决定或委托给政府机构。1981年的第一个决定是根除自由放养人口。1987年,议会决定野猪原产于瑞典，应受到限制。后来的决定主要涉及狩猎法规和狩猎方法，作为增加收成和调节人口的直接手段。另一个话题,随着时间的推移，重要性越来越高，是为了方便使用野猪肉间接刺激收获。2023年非洲猪瘟在当地爆发，因此必须在受影响地区制定一项战略。我们发现了44篇关于目前自由放养人口的科学论文。主题包括运动和喂养模式，狩猎,繁殖，和人口发展。
结论：该州历史上将野猪视为应根除的害虫。这种情况随着决定允许限制野猪的决定而改变，建议一种保护方法。为了应对人口增长，重点转移到促进可持续管理的手段上，最近,减少增长。瑞典野猪的故事说明了在野生动物管理中缓解冲突和平衡利益的尝试。
