Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Periodontal diseases are associated with dysbiosis in the oral microbial communities. Managing oral biofilms is therefore key for preventing these diseases. Management protocols often include over-the-counter antimicrobial mouth rinses, which lack data on their effects on the oral microbiome\'s ecology, bacterial composition, metabolic activity, and dysbiosis resilience. This study examined the efficacy of antimicrobial mouth rinses to halt dysbiosis in in vitro oral biofilms under periodontitis-simulating conditions.
METHODS: Multispecies oral biofilms were grown on hydroxyapatite discs (HADs) and rinsed daily with one of six mouth rinses. Positive and negative controls were included. After three rinses, biofilms were analyzed with viability quantitative polymerase chain reaction and visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Supernatants of rinsed biofilms were used for metabolic activity analysis. In addition, human oral keratinocytes were exposed to rinsed biofilms to assess their inflammatory response. All outputs were analyzed for correlation using Spearman coefficient.
RESULTS: Product-related changes were observed in the rinsed biofilms. Three of the six tested mouth rinses could significantly prevent dysbiosis with ≥30% reduction in pathobiont abundance relative to the control. These biofilms had lower metabolic activity, and the exposed human oral keratinocyte produced less interleukin-8. Interleukin-8 production correlated to both pathobiont quantity and the metabolic activity of the biofilms.
CONCLUSIONS: Some mouth rinses could support biofilm resilience and stop dysbiosis evolution in the biofilm model, with a clear product-related effect. Such mouth rinses can be considered for patients under maintenance/supportive periodontal therapy to prevent/delay disease recurrence. Others are more useful for different periodontal therapy stages.
METHODS: Multispecies oral biofilms were grown on hydroxyapatite discs (HADs) and rinsed daily with one of six mouth rinses. Positive and negative controls were included. After three rinses, biofilms were analyzed with viability quantitative polymerase chain reaction and visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Supernatants of rinsed biofilms were used for metabolic activity analysis. In addition, human oral keratinocytes were exposed to rinsed biofilms to assess their inflammatory response. All outputs were analyzed for correlation using Spearman coefficient.
RESULTS: Product-related changes were observed in the rinsed biofilms. Three of the six tested mouth rinses could significantly prevent dysbiosis with ≥30% reduction in pathobiont abundance relative to the control. These biofilms had lower metabolic activity, and the exposed human oral keratinocyte produced less interleukin-8. Interleukin-8 production correlated to both pathobiont quantity and the metabolic activity of the biofilms.
CONCLUSIONS: Some mouth rinses could support biofilm resilience and stop dysbiosis evolution in the biofilm model, with a clear product-related effect. Such mouth rinses can be considered for patients under maintenance/supportive periodontal therapy to prevent/delay disease recurrence. Others are more useful for different periodontal therapy stages.
摘要：
背景：牙周病与口腔微生物群落的生态失调有关。因此，管理口腔生物膜是预防这些疾病的关键。管理方案通常包括非处方抗菌漱口液，缺乏关于它们对口腔微生物组生态影响的数据，细菌组成，代谢活动，和生态失调的复原力。这项研究研究了在模拟牙周炎的条件下，抗菌漱口液在体外口腔生物膜中阻止菌群失调的功效。
方法：在羟基磷灰石圆盘（HADs）上生长多种口腔生物膜，每天用六种漱口液中的一种冲洗。包括阳性和阴性对照。冲洗三次后，用活性定量聚合酶链反应分析生物膜，并使用扫描电子显微镜观察。冲洗的生物膜的上清液用于代谢活性分析。此外,将人口腔角质形成细胞暴露于冲洗后的生物膜中以评估其炎症反应。使用Spearman系数分析所有输出的相关性。
结果:在冲洗的生物膜中观察到产品相关的变化。六种测试的漱口水中的三种可以显着预防菌群失调，与对照组相比，病原体丰度降低≥30％。这些生物膜具有较低的代谢活性，暴露的人类口腔角质形成细胞产生的白细胞介素8较少。白细胞介素-8的产生与生物膜的病理生物学数量和代谢活性相关。
结论：在生物膜模型中，一些漱口液可以支持生物膜复原力并阻止生态失调的进化，具有明显的产品相关效果。对于在维持/支持性牙周治疗下的患者,可以考虑这样的漱口水以预防/延迟疾病复发。其他对于不同的牙周治疗阶段更有用。
方法：在羟基磷灰石圆盘（HADs）上生长多种口腔生物膜，每天用六种漱口液中的一种冲洗。包括阳性和阴性对照。冲洗三次后，用活性定量聚合酶链反应分析生物膜，并使用扫描电子显微镜观察。冲洗的生物膜的上清液用于代谢活性分析。此外,将人口腔角质形成细胞暴露于冲洗后的生物膜中以评估其炎症反应。使用Spearman系数分析所有输出的相关性。
结果:在冲洗的生物膜中观察到产品相关的变化。六种测试的漱口水中的三种可以显着预防菌群失调，与对照组相比，病原体丰度降低≥30％。这些生物膜具有较低的代谢活性，暴露的人类口腔角质形成细胞产生的白细胞介素8较少。白细胞介素-8的产生与生物膜的病理生物学数量和代谢活性相关。
结论：在生物膜模型中，一些漱口液可以支持生物膜复原力并阻止生态失调的进化，具有明显的产品相关效果。对于在维持/支持性牙周治疗下的患者,可以考虑这样的漱口水以预防/延迟疾病复发。其他对于不同的牙周治疗阶段更有用。
