Abstract：
Forests are expected to be strongly affected by modifications in climate and disturbance regimes, threatening their ability to sustain the provision of essential services. Promoting drought-tolerant species or functionally diverse stands have recently emerged as management options to cope with global change. Our study aimed at evaluating the impact of contrasting stand-level management scenarios on the resilience of temperate forests in eastern North America and central-western Europe using the individual process-based model HETEROFOR. We simulated the evolution of eight stands over 100 years under a future extreme climate according to four management scenarios (business as usual - BAU; climate change adaptation - CC; functional diversity approach - FD; no management - NM) while facing multiple disturbances, resulting in a total of 160 simulations. We found that FD demonstrated the greatest resilience regarding transpiration and tree biomass, followed by CC and then BAU, while these three scenarios were equivalent concerning the net primary production. These results were however dependent on forest type: increasing functional diversity was a powerful option to increase the resilience of coniferous plantations whereas no clear differences between BAU and adaptive management scenarios were detected in broadleaved and mixed stands. The FD promoted a higher level of tree species diversity than any other scenario, and all scenarios of management were similar regarding the amount of harvested wood. The NM always showed the lowest resilience, demonstrating that forest management could be an important tool to mitigate adverse effects of global change. Our study highlighted that tree-level process-based models are a relevant tool to identify suitable management options for adapting forests to global change provided that model limitations are considered, and that alternative management options, particularly those based on functional diversity, are promising and should be promoted from now on.
摘要：
预计森林将受到气候变化和扰动制度的强烈影响，威胁到他们维持提供基本服务的能力。最近，促进耐旱物种或功能多样化的林分已成为应对全球变化的管理选择。我们的研究旨在使用基于单个过程的模型HETEROFOR评估对比林分水平的管理方案对北美东部和中欧的温带森林的复原力的影响。我们根据四种管理方案（一切照旧-BAU;气候变化适应-CC;功能多样性方法-FD;无管理-NM）模拟了未来极端气候下100年八个林分的演变，同时面临多种干扰，总共进行了160次模拟。我们发现FD在蒸腾作用和树木生物量方面表现出最大的恢复力，然后是CC，然后是BAU，而这三种情况在净初级生产方面是等同的。然而，这些结果取决于森林类型：增加功能多样性是增加针叶人工林恢复力的有力选择，而在阔叶和混交林中，BAU和适应性管理方案之间没有明显差异。FD促进了比其他任何情况下更高的树种多样性水平，所有管理方案在伐木量方面都是相似的。NM总是表现出最低的弹性，表明森林管理可以成为减轻全球变化不利影响的重要工具。我们的研究强调，树级基于过程的模型是一个相关工具，可以确定合适的管理方案，使森林适应全球变化，只要考虑到模型的局限性，以及替代管理选项，特别是那些基于功能多样性的，很有希望，应该从现在开始推广。
