Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Accurate verticality perception is essential for daily life activities, such as correctly estimating object orientation in space. This study established normative data for the subjective visual vertical (SVV) and subjective haptic vertical (SHV) using the portable and self-constructable modified Bucket test and Rotating-Column test. Additionally, the contribution of age, sex, and starting position of the line/ column on SVV and SHV accuracy were evaluated.
METHODS: This study, part of the PRECISE project (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05978596), was conducted following the STROBE guidelines. Healthy adults without visual/neurological/vestibular disorders were recruited. Subjective visual vertical and SHV accuracy were described in terms of constant errors (i.e., mean deviation from 0° [true vertical] respecting its direction), unsigned errors (i.e., mean deviation from 0° irrespective of direction), and variability (i.e., intra-individual standard deviation).
RESULTS: Sixty participants were evaluated (mean age: 41.14 [SD = 16.74] years). Subjective visual vertical constant errors between -2.82° and 2.90°, unsigned errors up to 2.15°, and variability up to 1.61° are considered normal. Subjective haptic vertical constant errors ranged from -6.94° to 8.18°, unsigned errors up to 6.66° and variability up to 4.25°. Higher ages led to higher SVV unsigned errors and variability. SHV variability was higher in females compared to males. Certain starting positions led to higher SVV and SHV constants and SVV unsigned errors.
CONCLUSIONS: Normative data are provided for affordable, self-constructable, and portable SVV and SHV tools. These norms are consistent with more sophisticated equipment and can be used to distinguish between normal and abnormal values.
METHODS: This study, part of the PRECISE project (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05978596), was conducted following the STROBE guidelines. Healthy adults without visual/neurological/vestibular disorders were recruited. Subjective visual vertical and SHV accuracy were described in terms of constant errors (i.e., mean deviation from 0° [true vertical] respecting its direction), unsigned errors (i.e., mean deviation from 0° irrespective of direction), and variability (i.e., intra-individual standard deviation).
RESULTS: Sixty participants were evaluated (mean age: 41.14 [SD = 16.74] years). Subjective visual vertical constant errors between -2.82° and 2.90°, unsigned errors up to 2.15°, and variability up to 1.61° are considered normal. Subjective haptic vertical constant errors ranged from -6.94° to 8.18°, unsigned errors up to 6.66° and variability up to 4.25°. Higher ages led to higher SVV unsigned errors and variability. SHV variability was higher in females compared to males. Certain starting positions led to higher SVV and SHV constants and SVV unsigned errors.
CONCLUSIONS: Normative data are provided for affordable, self-constructable, and portable SVV and SHV tools. These norms are consistent with more sophisticated equipment and can be used to distinguish between normal and abnormal values.
摘要：
目的：准确的垂直感知对于日常生活活动至关重要，例如正确估计空间中的物体方向。本研究使用便携式和可自构建的改良桶测试和旋转柱测试，为主观视觉垂直（SVV）和主观触觉垂直（SHV）建立了规范数据。此外,年龄的贡献，性别,对SVV和SHV上的线/柱的起始位置和准确度进行了评估。
方法：本研究，PRECISE项目的一部分（ClinicalTrials.govIDNCT05978596），是按照STROBE指南进行的。招募没有视觉/神经/前庭障碍的健康成年人。主观视觉垂直和SHV精度用恒定误差来描述(即，相对于其方向的0°[真实垂直]平均偏差)，无符号错误(即，与方向无关的0°平均偏差)，和可变性(即，个体内部标准差)。
结果：对60名参与者进行了评估（平均年龄：41.14[SD=16.74]岁）。-2.82°和2.90°之间的主观视觉垂直常数误差，无符号误差高达2.15°，和变异性高达1.61°被认为是正常的。主观触觉垂直恒定误差范围为-6.94°至8.18°，无符号误差高达6.66°和可变性高达4.25°。较高的年龄导致较高的SVV无符号错误和可变性。女性的SHV变异性高于男性。某些起始位置导致较高的SVV和SHV常数以及SVV无符号误差。
结论：提供了负担得起的规范数据，自构造,和便携式SVV和SHV工具。这些规范与更复杂的设备一致，可用于区分正常值和异常值。
方法：本研究，PRECISE项目的一部分（ClinicalTrials.govIDNCT05978596），是按照STROBE指南进行的。招募没有视觉/神经/前庭障碍的健康成年人。主观视觉垂直和SHV精度用恒定误差来描述(即，相对于其方向的0°[真实垂直]平均偏差)，无符号错误(即，与方向无关的0°平均偏差)，和可变性(即，个体内部标准差)。
结果：对60名参与者进行了评估（平均年龄：41.14[SD=16.74]岁）。-2.82°和2.90°之间的主观视觉垂直常数误差，无符号误差高达2.15°，和变异性高达1.61°被认为是正常的。主观触觉垂直恒定误差范围为-6.94°至8.18°，无符号误差高达6.66°和可变性高达4.25°。较高的年龄导致较高的SVV无符号错误和可变性。女性的SHV变异性高于男性。某些起始位置导致较高的SVV和SHV常数以及SVV无符号误差。
结论：提供了负担得起的规范数据，自构造,和便携式SVV和SHV工具。这些规范与更复杂的设备一致，可用于区分正常值和异常值。
