Abstract：
Fungi are a large group of eukaryotic microorganisms that can readily adapt to diverse environments and occur in almost all climatic zones and continents. Although some fungi are inevitable in the environment for the decay and recycling of organic material, many species are known to produce secondary metabolites, and these mycotoxins, when ingested with food or feed materials, can adversely affect animal and human health. Among the toxigenic fungi, Fusarium species are recognized as so-called field fungi, invading crops and producing mycotoxins predominantly before harvest. Fusarium produces a wide array of mycotoxins, causing different plant diseases. Fusariosis causes significant economic losses in a wide range of crops. Fusarium secondary metabolites, particularly trichothecenes, are potent toxins in mammalian species and cause diverse adverse effects in humans and animals. Other prominent Fusarium toxins with entirely different chemical structures are zearalenone and its derivatives and fumonisins. With an entirely different life cycle, toxins of endophytes belonging to the genus Epichloë and Neothyphodium coenophialum and Neothyphodium lolii comprise an animal health risk, particularly for grazing animals. This review aimed to summarize the adverse effects of selected Fusarium and Epichloë toxins, with a special emphasis on their occurrence in roughages and their mechanisms of action, and describe their effect on animal health and welfare and the potentially related public health risks.
摘要：
真菌是一大类真核微生物，可以很容易地适应不同的环境，并出现在几乎所有的气候带和大陆。尽管某些真菌在环境中不可避免地腐烂和回收有机物质，已知许多物种会产生次生代谢产物，还有这些霉菌毒素,当与食物或饲料一起摄入时，会对动物和人类健康产生不利影响。在产毒真菌中，镰刀菌被认为是所谓的田间真菌，主要在收获前入侵作物并产生霉菌毒素。镰刀菌产生各种各样的霉菌毒素,引起不同的植物病害。镰刀菌病在多种作物中造成重大的经济损失。镰刀菌次生代谢产物,尤其是单端孢霉烯,是哺乳动物物种中的有效毒素，并在人类和动物中引起各种不利影响。具有完全不同化学结构的其他突出镰刀菌毒素是玉米赤霉烯酮及其衍生物和伏马菌素。完全不同的生命周期，属于Epichloe属和新硫磷属和新硫磷属的内生菌毒素具有动物健康风险，特别是放牧的动物。这篇综述旨在总结精选镰刀菌和Epichloe毒素的不良反应，特别强调它们在粗饲料中的发生及其作用机制，并描述它们对动物健康和福利的影响以及潜在的相关公共卫生风险。
