Abstract：
Dehydration is a well-known problem worldwide, and its assessment can be challenging due to confusing physical signs. The most effective way to assess hydration status is through the costly stable isotope methodology, but this approach has practical limitations. More commonly accepted and utilized indicators of hydration status are hematological and urinary parameters. However, hematological markers require invasive methods, and urinary markers have varying degrees of success in tracking hydration changes. While alterations in body weight can serve as a means of promptly evaluating hydration status, various factors such as food consumption, fluid intake, fecal losses, and urine production can impact these changes. Researchers have turned their attention to saliva as a potential marker and point-of-care (POC) testing to address the limitations of existing biomarkers. Saliva is appealing due to its easy collection process and similarities to extracellular fluid in terms of water and ion concentrations. Recent studies have shown that saliva flow rate, osmolarity/osmolality, and total protein concentration can effectively monitor changes in body mass during acute dehydration. Misdiagnosing dehydration can have severe clinical consequences, leading to morbidity and even mortality. This narrative review focuses on recognizing the significance of hydration assessment, monitoring, and the potential of salivary osmolarity (SOSM) as an assessment tool. Healthcare professionals can improve their practices and interventions to optimize hydration and promote overall wellness using such tools.
摘要：
脱水是全世界众所周知的问题,由于令人困惑的体征，其评估可能具有挑战性。评估水合状态的最有效方法是通过昂贵的稳定同位素方法，但是这种方法有实际的局限性。更普遍接受和利用的水合状态指标是血液学和泌尿参数。然而,血液学标志物需要侵入性方法，和尿标记物在追踪水合变化方面有不同程度的成功。虽然体重的改变可以作为及时评估水合状态的一种手段，各种因素，如食物消费，液体摄入,粪便损失,尿液的产生会影响这些变化。研究人员已将注意力转向唾液作为潜在的标记物和即时护理（POC）测试，以解决现有生物标志物的局限性。唾液由于其易于收集过程以及在水和离子浓度方面与细胞外液的相似性而具有吸引力。最近的研究表明，唾液流速，渗透压/渗透压，和总蛋白浓度可以有效监测急性脱水过程中体重的变化。误诊脱水会有严重的临床后果,导致发病率甚至死亡率。这篇叙述性综述侧重于认识水化评估的重要性，监测,以及唾液渗透压(SOSM)作为评估工具的潜力。医疗保健专业人员可以使用这些工具改进他们的实践和干预措施，以优化水合作用并促进整体健康。
