PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Vaccinia virus is the most successful vaccine in human history and functions as a protective vaccine against smallpox and monkeypox, highlighting the importance of ongoing research into vaccinia due to its genetic similarity to other emergent poxviruses. Moreover, vaccinia\'s ability to accommodate large genetic insertions makes it promising for vaccine development and potential therapeutic applications, such as oncolytic agents. Thus, understanding how superior immunity is generated by vaccinia is crucial for designing other effective and safe vaccine strategies. During vaccinia inoculation by scarification, the skin serves as a primary site for the virus-host interaction, with various cell types playing distinct roles. During this process, hematopoietic cells undergo abortive infections, while non-hematopoietic cells support the full viral life cycle. This differential permissiveness to viral replication influences subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs), key immune sentinels in peripheral tissues such as skin, are pivotal in generating T cell memory during vaccinia immunization. DCs residing in the skin capture viral antigens and migrate to the draining lymph nodes (dLN), where they undergo maturation and present processed antigens to T cells. Notably, CD8+ T cells are particularly significant in viral clearance and the establishment of long-term protective immunity. Here, we will discuss vaccinia virus, its continued relevance to public health, and viral strategies permissive to immune escape. We will also discuss key events and populations leading to long-term protective immunity and remaining key gaps.
摘要：
痘苗病毒是人类历史上最成功的疫苗，具有预防天花和猴痘的保护性疫苗的功能，强调正在进行的研究牛痘的重要性，因为它与其他紧急痘病毒的遗传相似性。此外，牛痘的能力，以适应大的基因插入使它有希望的疫苗开发和潜在的治疗应用，比如溶瘤剂。因此，了解牛痘疫苗如何产生优异的免疫力对于设计其他有效和安全的疫苗策略至关重要.在痘苗接种过程中，皮肤是病毒与宿主相互作用的主要部位，各种细胞类型扮演不同的角色。在这个过程中,造血细胞经历流产感染，而非造血细胞支持完整的病毒生命周期。这种对病毒复制的差异允许影响随后的先天和适应性免疫应答。树突状细胞(DC),皮肤等外周组织的关键免疫前哨，在牛痘免疫过程中产生T细胞记忆至关重要。皮肤中的DCs捕获病毒抗原并迁移到引流淋巴结（dLN），在那里它们经历成熟并将加工过的抗原呈递给T细胞。值得注意的是,CD8+T细胞在病毒清除和建立长期保护性免疫方面特别重要。这里,我们将讨论牛痘病毒，它与公共卫生的持续相关性，和允许免疫逃逸的病毒策略。我们还将讨论导致长期保护性免疫和剩余关键差距的关键事件和人群。
