Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Resistance management in pesticide use is critical, yet grower practices, especially pesticide mixing motivations, diverge from theoretical frameworks. This study analyzes 30 years of Arizona cotton growers\' practices and pest manager insights to understand mixing trends.
RESULTS: Growers predominantly mix pesticides for spectrum or efficacy, not resistance management. This highlights a gap between theory and practice, emphasizing the complexity of real-world dynamics. A shift over time towards selective insecticides and integrated pest management (IPM), supported by extension education, has reduced reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides and increased opportunities to conserve the natural enemies of key pests. This reduced the frequency of insecticide use, a mutual goal of both IPM and resistance management. The availability and adoption of selective products with diverse modes of action, along with the resulting increases in biological control and refuges, likely has delayed or prevented resistances without emphasis on using mixtures specifically for resistance management. In a disrupted system exclusively dependent on broad-spectrum insecticides (1991-1995), 75% ± 5% of cotton area was sprayed with mixtures of these materials. With the availability of selective insecticides, few broad-spectrum products are used today and mixtures of insecticides are sprayed on only 36% ± 3% of the cotton area (2015-2020).
CONCLUSIONS: Although mixing has theoretical relevance, it is diminishing in stable systems with diverse modes of action and adherence to moderation principles. Arizona cotton guidance prioritizes multi-crop refuges over mixtures for resistance management. Integrated research and education, targeting professional pest managers, are pivotal in advancing resistance management without mixtures specifically designed to prevent or mitigate resistance. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
RESULTS: Growers predominantly mix pesticides for spectrum or efficacy, not resistance management. This highlights a gap between theory and practice, emphasizing the complexity of real-world dynamics. A shift over time towards selective insecticides and integrated pest management (IPM), supported by extension education, has reduced reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides and increased opportunities to conserve the natural enemies of key pests. This reduced the frequency of insecticide use, a mutual goal of both IPM and resistance management. The availability and adoption of selective products with diverse modes of action, along with the resulting increases in biological control and refuges, likely has delayed or prevented resistances without emphasis on using mixtures specifically for resistance management. In a disrupted system exclusively dependent on broad-spectrum insecticides (1991-1995), 75% ± 5% of cotton area was sprayed with mixtures of these materials. With the availability of selective insecticides, few broad-spectrum products are used today and mixtures of insecticides are sprayed on only 36% ± 3% of the cotton area (2015-2020).
CONCLUSIONS: Although mixing has theoretical relevance, it is diminishing in stable systems with diverse modes of action and adherence to moderation principles. Arizona cotton guidance prioritizes multi-crop refuges over mixtures for resistance management. Integrated research and education, targeting professional pest managers, are pivotal in advancing resistance management without mixtures specifically designed to prevent or mitigate resistance. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
摘要：
背景：农药使用中的耐药性管理至关重要，然而种植者的做法，尤其是农药混合动机，与理论框架不同。这项研究分析了亚利桑那州棉花种植者30年的实践和害虫管理者的见解，以了解混合趋势。
结果：种植者主要混合农药光谱或功效，不是阻力管理。这凸显了理论与实践之间的差距,强调现实世界动态的复杂性。随着时间的推移，转向选择性杀虫剂和综合虫害管理(IPM)，在推广教育的支持下，减少了对广谱杀虫剂的依赖，并增加了保护关键害虫天敌的机会。这减少了杀虫剂的使用频率，IPM和阻力管理的共同目标。具有不同作用方式的选择性产品的可用性和采用，随着生物防治和避难所的增加，可能延迟或阻止了耐药性，而不强调使用专门用于耐药性管理的混合物。在完全依赖广谱杀虫剂的破坏系统中（1991-1995年），用这些材料的混合物喷洒75%±5%的棉花面积。随着选择性杀虫剂的供应，目前很少使用广谱产品，杀虫剂混合物仅喷在36％±3％的棉花面积上（2015-2020年）。
结论：尽管混合具有理论相关性，在具有多种行动方式和遵守适度原则的稳定系统中，它正在减少。亚利桑那州棉花指南将多作物避难所优先于混合物进行抗性管理。综合研究和教育，针对专业的害虫管理者，在没有专门设计用于防止或减轻抗性的混合物的情况下，在推进抗性管理方面至关重要。©2024化学工业学会。
结果：种植者主要混合农药光谱或功效，不是阻力管理。这凸显了理论与实践之间的差距,强调现实世界动态的复杂性。随着时间的推移，转向选择性杀虫剂和综合虫害管理(IPM)，在推广教育的支持下，减少了对广谱杀虫剂的依赖，并增加了保护关键害虫天敌的机会。这减少了杀虫剂的使用频率，IPM和阻力管理的共同目标。具有不同作用方式的选择性产品的可用性和采用，随着生物防治和避难所的增加，可能延迟或阻止了耐药性，而不强调使用专门用于耐药性管理的混合物。在完全依赖广谱杀虫剂的破坏系统中（1991-1995年），用这些材料的混合物喷洒75%±5%的棉花面积。随着选择性杀虫剂的供应，目前很少使用广谱产品，杀虫剂混合物仅喷在36％±3％的棉花面积上（2015-2020年）。
结论：尽管混合具有理论相关性，在具有多种行动方式和遵守适度原则的稳定系统中，它正在减少。亚利桑那州棉花指南将多作物避难所优先于混合物进行抗性管理。综合研究和教育，针对专业的害虫管理者，在没有专门设计用于防止或减轻抗性的混合物的情况下，在推进抗性管理方面至关重要。©2024化学工业学会。
