Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Although severe acute respiratory failure is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, this viral infection leads to cardiovascular disease in some individuals. Cardiac effects of the virus include myocarditis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, coronary aneurysms and cardiomyopathy, and can result in cardiogenic shock and multisystem organ failure.
UNASSIGNED: This review summarises cardiac manifesta-tions of SARS-CoV-2 in the paediatric population. We performed a scoping review of cardiovascular disease associated with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Also examined are special considerations for paediatric athletes and return to play following COVID-19 infection.
UNASSIGNED: Children presenting with acute COVID-19 should be screened for cardiac dysfunction and a thorough history should be obtained. Further cardiovascular evaluation should be considered following any signs/symptoms of arrhythmias, low cardiac output, and/or myopericarditis. Patients admitted with severe acute COVID-19 should be monitored with continuous cardiac monitoring. Laboratory testing, as clinically indicated, includes tests for troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Echocardiography with strain evaluation and/or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging should be considered to evaluate diastolic and systolic dysfunction, coronary anatomy, the pericardium and the myocardium. For patients with MIS-C, combination therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin and glucocorticoid therapy is safe and potentially disease altering. Treatment of MIS-C targets the hyperimmune response. Supportive care, including mechanical support, is needed in some cases.
UNASSIGNED: Cardiovascular disease is a striking feature of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most infants, children and adolescents with COVID-19 cardiac disease fully recover with no lasting cardiac dysfunction. However, long-term studies and further research are needed to assess cardiovascular risk with variants of SARS-CoV-2 and to understand the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction with COVID-19.
UNASSIGNED: This review summarises cardiac manifesta-tions of SARS-CoV-2 in the paediatric population. We performed a scoping review of cardiovascular disease associated with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Also examined are special considerations for paediatric athletes and return to play following COVID-19 infection.
UNASSIGNED: Children presenting with acute COVID-19 should be screened for cardiac dysfunction and a thorough history should be obtained. Further cardiovascular evaluation should be considered following any signs/symptoms of arrhythmias, low cardiac output, and/or myopericarditis. Patients admitted with severe acute COVID-19 should be monitored with continuous cardiac monitoring. Laboratory testing, as clinically indicated, includes tests for troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Echocardiography with strain evaluation and/or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging should be considered to evaluate diastolic and systolic dysfunction, coronary anatomy, the pericardium and the myocardium. For patients with MIS-C, combination therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin and glucocorticoid therapy is safe and potentially disease altering. Treatment of MIS-C targets the hyperimmune response. Supportive care, including mechanical support, is needed in some cases.
UNASSIGNED: Cardiovascular disease is a striking feature of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most infants, children and adolescents with COVID-19 cardiac disease fully recover with no lasting cardiac dysfunction. However, long-term studies and further research are needed to assess cardiovascular risk with variants of SARS-CoV-2 and to understand the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction with COVID-19.
摘要：
尽管严重急性呼吸衰竭是严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染的发病和死亡的主要原因，这种病毒感染会导致一些人的心血管疾病。该病毒的心脏效应包括心肌炎，心包炎,心律失常,冠状动脉瘤和心肌病,并可导致心源性休克和多系统器官衰竭。
■这篇综述总结了SARS-CoV-2在儿科人群中的心脏表现。我们对与急性冠状病毒病2019（COVID-19）感染相关的心血管疾病进行了范围审查，儿童多系统炎症综合征（MIS-C），和mRNACOVID-19疫苗。还检查了儿科运动员的特殊考虑因素，并在COVID-19感染后重返赛场。
■出现急性COVID-19的儿童应进行心功能不全筛查，并获得全面的病史。在心律失常的任何体征/症状后，应考虑进一步的心血管评估。低心输出量,和/或心肌心包炎。严重急性COVID-19入院的患者应进行连续心脏监测。实验室测试,如临床所示，包括肌钙蛋白和B型利钠肽或N末端前脑利钠肽的测试。超声心动图与应变评估和/或心脏磁共振成像应考虑评估舒张和收缩功能障碍。冠状动脉解剖学,心包和心肌.对于MIS-C患者，静脉注射免疫球蛋白和糖皮质激素联合治疗是安全和潜在的疾病改变.MIS-C的治疗靶向超免疫应答。支持性护理,包括机械支撑，在某些情况下是需要的。
■心血管疾病是SARS-CoV-2感染的一个显著特征。大多数婴儿,患有COVID-19心脏病的儿童和青少年完全康复，没有持续的心功能障碍。然而,需要进行长期研究和进一步研究,以评估SARS-CoV-2变种的心血管风险,并了解COVID-19导致心功能不全的病理生理学.
■这篇综述总结了SARS-CoV-2在儿科人群中的心脏表现。我们对与急性冠状病毒病2019（COVID-19）感染相关的心血管疾病进行了范围审查，儿童多系统炎症综合征（MIS-C），和mRNACOVID-19疫苗。还检查了儿科运动员的特殊考虑因素，并在COVID-19感染后重返赛场。
■出现急性COVID-19的儿童应进行心功能不全筛查，并获得全面的病史。在心律失常的任何体征/症状后，应考虑进一步的心血管评估。低心输出量,和/或心肌心包炎。严重急性COVID-19入院的患者应进行连续心脏监测。实验室测试,如临床所示，包括肌钙蛋白和B型利钠肽或N末端前脑利钠肽的测试。超声心动图与应变评估和/或心脏磁共振成像应考虑评估舒张和收缩功能障碍。冠状动脉解剖学,心包和心肌.对于MIS-C患者，静脉注射免疫球蛋白和糖皮质激素联合治疗是安全和潜在的疾病改变.MIS-C的治疗靶向超免疫应答。支持性护理,包括机械支撑，在某些情况下是需要的。
■心血管疾病是SARS-CoV-2感染的一个显著特征。大多数婴儿,患有COVID-19心脏病的儿童和青少年完全康复，没有持续的心功能障碍。然而,需要进行长期研究和进一步研究,以评估SARS-CoV-2变种的心血管风险,并了解COVID-19导致心功能不全的病理生理学.
