PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Much research on the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the unequal impact on men and women in many countries but empirical evidence on later stages of the pandemic remains limited. The objective of this paper is to study differences between men and women in work location, the relative division of childcare, and perceived work-life balance across and throughout different phases of the pandemic using six waves of probability-based survey data collected in the Netherlands between April 2020 and April 2022 (including retrospective pre-pandemic measures).
METHODS: The study used descriptive methods (longitudinal crosstabulations) and multivariate modelling (cross-sectional multinomial logits, with and without moderators) in a repeated cross-sectional design.
RESULTS: Results suggest the pandemic is associated with several phase-specific differences between men and women in where they worked and their relative division of childcare in the Netherlands. Men were less likely than women to work fully from home at the start of each lockdown and to work on location during the first lockdown. Amongst parents, fathers increased their share of childcare throughout the first phase of the pandemic, and this increase remains visible at the end of the pandemic. Women in the Netherlands did not experience worse work-life balance than men throughout the pandemic, but mothers did experience worse work-life balance than fathers at various points during the pandemic.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest varying long-term implications for gender inequality in society. Gender differences in work location raise concerns about the possible longer-term impact on gender inequalities in career development. Our findings on childcare suggest that many households have experienced different divisions of childcare at different stages of the pandemic, with some potential for longer-term change.
CONCLUSIONS: Inequalities between men and women in work, childcare, and wellbeing have neither been alleviated by nor unilaterally worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS: The study used descriptive methods (longitudinal crosstabulations) and multivariate modelling (cross-sectional multinomial logits, with and without moderators) in a repeated cross-sectional design.
RESULTS: Results suggest the pandemic is associated with several phase-specific differences between men and women in where they worked and their relative division of childcare in the Netherlands. Men were less likely than women to work fully from home at the start of each lockdown and to work on location during the first lockdown. Amongst parents, fathers increased their share of childcare throughout the first phase of the pandemic, and this increase remains visible at the end of the pandemic. Women in the Netherlands did not experience worse work-life balance than men throughout the pandemic, but mothers did experience worse work-life balance than fathers at various points during the pandemic.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest varying long-term implications for gender inequality in society. Gender differences in work location raise concerns about the possible longer-term impact on gender inequalities in career development. Our findings on childcare suggest that many households have experienced different divisions of childcare at different stages of the pandemic, with some potential for longer-term change.
CONCLUSIONS: Inequalities between men and women in work, childcare, and wellbeing have neither been alleviated by nor unilaterally worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic.
摘要：
目标：关于COVID-19大流行早期阶段的许多研究表明，许多国家对男性和女性的影响不平等，但关于大流行后期阶段的经验证据仍然有限。本文的目的是研究男女在工作地点上的差异，儿童保育的相对分工，使用2020年4月至2022年4月在荷兰收集的六波基于概率的调查数据(包括大流行前的回顾性措施),以及在大流行不同阶段和整个大流行期间的工作-生活平衡。
方法：该研究使用描述性方法（纵向交叉图）和多变量建模（横截面多项对数，有和没有慢化剂)在重复的横截面设计中。
结果：结果表明，这种流行病与荷兰男女在工作地点和儿童保育相对分工方面的几个阶段特定差异有关。在每次封锁开始时，男性比女性更不可能在家充分工作，而在第一次封锁期间，男性更不可能在现场工作。在父母中，在大流行的第一阶段，父亲增加了他们的育儿份额，在大流行结束时，这种增加仍然可见。在整个大流行期间，荷兰妇女的工作与生活平衡并没有比男子差，但是在大流行期间，母亲的工作与生活平衡确实比父亲差。
结论：我们的研究结果表明，社会性别不平等的长期影响各不相同。工作地点的性别差异引起了人们对职业发展中性别不平等可能产生的长期影响的担忧。我们对儿童保育的研究结果表明，许多家庭在大流行的不同阶段经历了不同的儿童保育分工，有一些长期变化的潜力。
结论：男女在工作中的不平等，托儿服务,在COVID-19大流行期间，福祉既没有得到缓解，也没有单方面恶化。
方法：该研究使用描述性方法（纵向交叉图）和多变量建模（横截面多项对数，有和没有慢化剂)在重复的横截面设计中。
结果：结果表明，这种流行病与荷兰男女在工作地点和儿童保育相对分工方面的几个阶段特定差异有关。在每次封锁开始时，男性比女性更不可能在家充分工作，而在第一次封锁期间，男性更不可能在现场工作。在父母中，在大流行的第一阶段，父亲增加了他们的育儿份额，在大流行结束时，这种增加仍然可见。在整个大流行期间，荷兰妇女的工作与生活平衡并没有比男子差，但是在大流行期间，母亲的工作与生活平衡确实比父亲差。
结论：我们的研究结果表明，社会性别不平等的长期影响各不相同。工作地点的性别差异引起了人们对职业发展中性别不平等可能产生的长期影响的担忧。我们对儿童保育的研究结果表明，许多家庭在大流行的不同阶段经历了不同的儿童保育分工，有一些长期变化的潜力。
结论：男女在工作中的不平等，托儿服务,在COVID-19大流行期间，福祉既没有得到缓解，也没有单方面恶化。
