Abstract：
INTRODUCTION: The original Spacecraft Maximal Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) for toluene (set for 1 h, 24 h, 7 d, 30 d, and 180 d) were first established by NASA in 1996 based on a human study in which no irritation or neurotoxicity was reported following 6-h exposure to 40 ppm toluene vapors. While the toluene SMACs were updated in 2008 to account for auditory, visual, and hormonal effects (for 7 d, 30 d, and 180 d) and to include a long-term SMAC (1000 d) in anticipation of longer spaceflight exploration missions, the short-term SMAC limits (1 h and 24 h) remained unchanged. Acute toluene exposure is reported to result in ocular and nasal irritation, although it is not a primary irritant, as well as central nervous system effects including headaches and dizziness. Long-term exposure to toluene can elicit hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine toxicity.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Since publication of the original and revised toluene SMACs, the National Academy of Sciences developed interim Acute Exposure Guideline Limits reviewed by the National Research Council Committee. Based on these data, we have increased the limits for toluene in crewed spacecraft to 40 ppm for 1 h, 24 h, 7 d, and 30 d. SMACs for durations of 180 and 1000 d will remain unchanged.changed.Tapia CM, Langford SD, Ryder VE. Revisions to limits for toluene in spacecraft air. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(7):399-402.
摘要：
介绍：原始航天器甲苯的最大允许浓度（SMAC）（设定为1小时，24h,7d,30d,和180d）是由NASA于1996年根据一项人体研究首次建立的，该研究在暴露于40ppm甲苯蒸气6小时后没有报告刺激或神经毒性。虽然甲苯SMAC在2008年进行了更新，以解决听觉问题，视觉，和荷尔蒙效应(7天，30d,和180d)，并包括一个长期的SMAC(1000d)，以预期更长的太空飞行探索任务，短期SMAC限制(1小时和24小时)保持不变。据报道，急性甲苯暴露会导致眼部和鼻腔刺激，虽然它不是主要的刺激物，以及中枢神经系统的影响，包括头痛和头晕。长期接触甲苯会引起肝毒性，肾毒性，神经毒性，和内分泌毒性。结果与讨论：自原始和修订的甲苯SMAC发布以来，美国国家科学院制定了由国家研究委员会委员会审查的临时急性暴露指南限值。基于这些数据,我们将载人航天器中甲苯的限值提高到40ppm，持续1小时，24h,7d,和30d。持续时间为180和1000d的SMAC将保持不变。已更改。塔皮亚CM，兰福德SD，RyderVE.对航天器空气中甲苯限制的修订。AerospMed嗡嗡声表演。2024；95（7）：399-402。
