Abstract:
Amanita is one of the most salient mushroom genera due to its cultural, economic, and medical importance. Recently, many new Amanita species have been described worldwide, increasing the genus richness. However, several clades have cryptic diversity, and many species complexes have not yet been resolved. This is the case of the rubescent species in the Validae section, which have been widely cited under the name Amanita rubescens s.l. We used a four-locus matrix (nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer [ITS] and 28S regions and genes for RNA polymerase II subunit 2 [rpb2], translation elongation factor 1-α [tef1-α], and β-tubulin [tub2]) to solve the phylogenetic relationships within the Amanita section Validae. To analyze the diversity and distribution patterns of species, we used an extensive ITS sequence sampling including environmental DNA databases. The phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the Validae section is divided into three monophyletic and highly supported major clades: Mappae, Validae, and Rubescentes. At least 11 species-level clades within the Rubescentes clade were highly supported: A. cruentilemurum nom. prov. A. brunneolocularis, A. rubescens s.s. (European clade), A. rubescens s.s. (Asiatic clade), A. orsonii s.s. A. \'orsonii,\' A. aureosubucula nom. prov., A. novinupta, A. flavorubens, and two undescribed North American species. We proved that A. rubescens s.s. has two segregated populations (European and Asiatic) and it is not naturally distributed in America. Furthermore, we found that America has more cryptic species within the Rubescentes clade than Eurasia.
摘要:
鹅膏菌属是最突出的蘑菇属之一,由于其文化,经济,和医学的重要性。最近,世界上已经描述了许多新的天牛物种,增加属的丰富度。然而,几个进化枝具有神秘的多样性,许多物种复合物尚未解决。这是Validae部分的发红物种的情况,以Amanitarubescenss.l的名称被广泛引用。我们使用了四基因座矩阵(nucrDNA内部转录间隔区[ITS]和28S区域和RNA聚合酶II亚基2[rpb2]的基因,平移延伸因子1-α[tef1-α],和β-微管蛋白[tub2]),以解决Amanita节Validae内的系统发育关系。为了分析物种的多样性和分布模式,我们使用了广泛的ITS序列采样,包括环境DNA数据库。系统发育分析表明,Validae部分分为三个单系和高度支持的主要进化枝:Mappae,Validae,还有Rubescentes.Rubescentes进化枝中至少有11个物种级进化枝得到了高度支持:A.cruentilemurumnom。prov.A.Brunneolocularis,A.rubescenss.s.(欧洲进化枝),A.rubescenss.s.(亚洲进化枝),A.orsoniis.s.A.\'A.aureosubuculanom.prov.,A.novinupta,A.flavorubens,和两个未描述的北美物种。我们证明了A.rubescenss.s.有两个隔离的种群(欧洲和亚洲),并且在美国不是自然分布的。此外,我们发现美国在鲁比斯琴塞进化枝内的神秘物种比欧亚大陆多。