PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Protein engineering mechanisms can be an efficient approach to enhance the biochemical properties of various biocatalysts. Immobilization of biocatalysts and the introduction of new-to-nature chemical reactivities are also possible through the same mechanism. Discovering new protocols that enhance the catalytic active protein that possesses novelty in terms of being stable, active, and, stereoselectivity with functions could be identified as essential areas in terms of concurrent bioorganic chemistry (synergistic relationship between organic chemistry and biochemistry in the context of enzyme engineering). However, with our current level of knowledge about protein folding and its correlation with protein conformation and activities, it is almost impossible to design proteins with specific biological and physical properties. Hence, contemporary protein engineering typically involves reprogramming existing enzymes by mutagenesis to generate new phenotypes with desired properties. These processes ensure that limitations of naturally occurring enzymes are not encountered. For example, researchers have engineered cellulases and hemicellulases to withstand harsh conditions encountered during biomass pretreatment, such as high temperatures and acidic environments. By enhancing the activity and robustness of these enzymes, biofuel production becomes more economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Recent trends in enzyme engineering have enabled the development of tailored biocatalysts for pharmaceutical applications. For instance, researchers have engineered enzymes such as cytochrome P450s and amine oxidases to catalyze challenging reactions involved in drug synthesis. In addition to conventional methods, there has been an increasing application of machine learning techniques to identify patterns in data. These patterns are then used to predict protein structures, enhance enzyme solubility, stability, and function, forecast substrate specificity, and assist in rational protein design. In this review, we discussed recent trends in enzyme engineering to optimize the biochemical properties of various biocatalysts. Using examples relevant to biotechnology in engineering enzymes, we try to expatiate the significance of enzyme engineering with how these methods could be applied to optimize the biochemical properties of a naturally occurring enzyme.
摘要：
蛋白质工程机理可以是增强各种生物催化剂的生化特性的有效方法。通过相同的机理，生物催化剂的固定化和新的自然化学反应性的引入也是可能的。发现新的方案，增强催化活性蛋白，具有新颖性的稳定，活跃,and,具有功能的立体选择性可以被确定为并行生物有机化学（在酶工程背景下，有机化学与生物化学之间的协同关系）的重要领域。然而,根据我们目前对蛋白质折叠及其与蛋白质构象和活性的相关性的知识水平，设计具有特定生物学和物理性质的蛋白质几乎是不可能的。因此，当代蛋白质工程通常涉及通过诱变重新编程现有的酶，以产生具有所需特性的新表型。这些方法确保不会遇到天然存在的酶的限制。例如,研究人员设计了纤维素酶和半纤维素酶，以承受生物质预处理过程中遇到的恶劣条件，如高温和酸性环境。通过增强这些酶的活性和稳健性，生物燃料生产变得更加经济可行和环境可持续。酶工程的最新趋势使得能够开发用于药物应用的定制生物催化剂。例如,研究人员已经设计了酶，如细胞色素P450和胺氧化酶，以催化药物合成中涉及的挑战性反应。除了常规方法,机器学习技术越来越多地用于识别数据中的模式。然后这些模式被用来预测蛋白质结构，增强酶的溶解度，稳定性,和功能，预测底物特异性，并协助合理的蛋白质设计。在这次审查中,我们讨论了酶工程的最新趋势，以优化各种生物催化剂的生化特性。使用与工程酶中的生物技术相关的例子，我们试图阐述酶工程的意义，以及如何应用这些方法来优化天然存在的酶的生化特性。
