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Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Blood source is a known preanalytical factor affecting hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, and there is evidence that capillary and venous blood may yield disparate Hb levels and anemia prevalence. However, data from adolescents are scarce.
UNASSIGNED: To compare Hb and anemia prevalence measured by venous and individual pooled capillary blood among a sample of girls aged 10-19 years from 232 schools in four regions of Ghana in 2022.
UNASSIGNED: Among girls who had venous blood draws, a random subsample was selected for capillary blood. Hb was measured using HemoCue® Hb-301. We used Lin\'s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) to quantify the strength of the bivariate relationship between venous and capillary Hb and a paired t-test for difference in means. We used McNemar\'s test for discordance in anemia cases by blood source and weighted Kappa to quantify agreement by anemia severity. A multivariate generalized estimating equation was used to quantify adjusted population anemia prevalence and assess the association between blood source and predicted anemia risk.
UNASSIGNED: We found strong concordance between Hb measures (CCC = 0.86). The difference between mean venous Hb (12.8 g/dL, ± 1.1) and capillary Hb (12.9 g/dL, ± 1.2) was not significant (p = 0.26). Crude anemia prevalence by venous and capillary blood was 20.6% and 19.5%, respectively. Adjusted population anemia prevalence was 23.5% for venous blood and 22.5% for capillary (p = 0.45). Blood source was not associated with predicted anemia risk (risk ratio: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.02). Discordance in anemia cases by blood source was not significant (McNemar p = 0.46). Weighted Kappa demonstrated moderate agreement by severity (ĸ = 0.67). Among those with anemia by either blood source (n = 111), 59% were identified by both sources.
UNASSIGNED: In Ghanaian adolescent girls, there was no difference in mean Hb, anemia prevalence, or predicted anemia risk by blood source. However, only 59% of girls with anemia by either blood source were identified as having anemia by both sources. These findings suggest that pooled capillary blood may be useful for estimating Hb and anemia at the population level, but that caution is needed when interpreting individual-level data.
UNASSIGNED: To compare Hb and anemia prevalence measured by venous and individual pooled capillary blood among a sample of girls aged 10-19 years from 232 schools in four regions of Ghana in 2022.
UNASSIGNED: Among girls who had venous blood draws, a random subsample was selected for capillary blood. Hb was measured using HemoCue® Hb-301. We used Lin\'s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) to quantify the strength of the bivariate relationship between venous and capillary Hb and a paired t-test for difference in means. We used McNemar\'s test for discordance in anemia cases by blood source and weighted Kappa to quantify agreement by anemia severity. A multivariate generalized estimating equation was used to quantify adjusted population anemia prevalence and assess the association between blood source and predicted anemia risk.
UNASSIGNED: We found strong concordance between Hb measures (CCC = 0.86). The difference between mean venous Hb (12.8 g/dL, ± 1.1) and capillary Hb (12.9 g/dL, ± 1.2) was not significant (p = 0.26). Crude anemia prevalence by venous and capillary blood was 20.6% and 19.5%, respectively. Adjusted population anemia prevalence was 23.5% for venous blood and 22.5% for capillary (p = 0.45). Blood source was not associated with predicted anemia risk (risk ratio: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.02). Discordance in anemia cases by blood source was not significant (McNemar p = 0.46). Weighted Kappa demonstrated moderate agreement by severity (ĸ = 0.67). Among those with anemia by either blood source (n = 111), 59% were identified by both sources.
UNASSIGNED: In Ghanaian adolescent girls, there was no difference in mean Hb, anemia prevalence, or predicted anemia risk by blood source. However, only 59% of girls with anemia by either blood source were identified as having anemia by both sources. These findings suggest that pooled capillary blood may be useful for estimating Hb and anemia at the population level, but that caution is needed when interpreting individual-level data.
摘要：
■血源是影响血红蛋白（Hb）浓度的已知分析前因素，有证据表明毛细血管和静脉血可能产生不同的Hb水平和贫血患病率。然而,青少年的数据很少。
■比较2022年加纳四个地区232所学校的10-19岁女孩样本中通过静脉和个人汇集的毛细血管血测量的Hb和贫血患病率。
■在静脉抽血的女孩中，为毛细血管血液选择随机子样本。使用HemoCue®Hb-301测量Hb。我们使用Lin的一致性相关系数（CCC）来量化静脉和毛细血管Hb之间的双变量关系的强度，并对均值差异进行配对t检验。我们使用McNemar检验根据血液来源和加权Kappa对贫血病例的不一致进行检验，以量化贫血严重程度的一致性。使用多变量广义估计方程来量化调整后的人群贫血患病率，并评估血液来源与预测的贫血风险之间的关联。
■我们发现Hb测量值之间存在很强的一致性（CCC=0.86）。平均静脉Hb（12.8g/dL，±1.1）和毛细管Hb（12.9g/dL，±1.2)不显著(p=0.26)。静脉和毛细血管血的粗贫血患病率分别为20.6%和19.5%，分别。调整后的人群贫血患病率为静脉血为23.5％，毛细血管为22.5％（p=0.45）。血源与预测的贫血风险无关（风险比：0.99，95%CI：0.96，1.02）。血液来源的贫血病例的不一致并不显着（McNemarp=0.46）。加权Kappa按严重程度显示中等一致性(=0.67)。在任何一种血液来源的贫血患者中（n=111），59%是由两个来源确定的。
■在加纳少女中，平均血红蛋白没有差异，贫血患病率，或通过血源预测贫血风险。然而,两种血液来源的贫血女孩中只有59%被两种来源确定为贫血.这些发现表明，汇集的毛细血管血可能有助于在人群水平上估计Hb和贫血。但是在解释个人层面的数据时需要谨慎。
■比较2022年加纳四个地区232所学校的10-19岁女孩样本中通过静脉和个人汇集的毛细血管血测量的Hb和贫血患病率。
■在静脉抽血的女孩中，为毛细血管血液选择随机子样本。使用HemoCue®Hb-301测量Hb。我们使用Lin的一致性相关系数（CCC）来量化静脉和毛细血管Hb之间的双变量关系的强度，并对均值差异进行配对t检验。我们使用McNemar检验根据血液来源和加权Kappa对贫血病例的不一致进行检验，以量化贫血严重程度的一致性。使用多变量广义估计方程来量化调整后的人群贫血患病率，并评估血液来源与预测的贫血风险之间的关联。
■我们发现Hb测量值之间存在很强的一致性（CCC=0.86）。平均静脉Hb（12.8g/dL，±1.1）和毛细管Hb（12.9g/dL，±1.2)不显著(p=0.26)。静脉和毛细血管血的粗贫血患病率分别为20.6%和19.5%，分别。调整后的人群贫血患病率为静脉血为23.5％，毛细血管为22.5％（p=0.45）。血源与预测的贫血风险无关（风险比：0.99，95%CI：0.96，1.02）。血液来源的贫血病例的不一致并不显着（McNemarp=0.46）。加权Kappa按严重程度显示中等一致性(=0.67)。在任何一种血液来源的贫血患者中（n=111），59%是由两个来源确定的。
■在加纳少女中，平均血红蛋白没有差异，贫血患病率，或通过血源预测贫血风险。然而,两种血液来源的贫血女孩中只有59%被两种来源确定为贫血.这些发现表明，汇集的毛细血管血可能有助于在人群水平上估计Hb和贫血。但是在解释个人层面的数据时需要谨慎。
