Abstract：
The growing concern about pollution and toxicity in aquatic as well as terrestrial organisms is predominantly caused due to waterborne exposure and poses a risk to environmental systems and human health. This study addresses the co-toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) and ketoprofen (KPF), representing heavy metal and pharmaceutical discharge pollutants, respectively, in aquatic ecosystems. A 96-h acute toxicity assessment was conducted using zebrafish embryos. The results indicated that high dosages of KPF (10, 15, and 100 µg/mL) and Cd (10 and 15 µg/mL) reduced survivability and caused concentration-dependent deformities such as scoliosis and yolk sac edema. These findings highlight the potential defects in development and metabolism, as evidenced by hemolysis tests demonstrating dose-dependent effects on blood cell integrity. Furthermore, this study employs adult zebrafish for a 42-day chronic exposure to Cd and KPF (10 and 100 µg/L) alone or combined (10 + 10 and 100 + 100 µg/L) to assess organ-specific Cd and KPF accumulation in tissue samples. Organ-specific accumulation patterns underscore complex interactions impacting respiratory, metabolic, and detoxification functions. Prolonged exposure induces reactive oxygen species formation, compromising antioxidant defense systems. Histological examinations reveal structural changes in gills, gastrointestinal, kidney, and liver tissues, suggesting impairments in respiratory, osmoregulatory, nutritional, and immune functions. This study emphasizes the importance of conducting extensive research on co-toxic effects to assist with environmental risk assessments and safeguard human health and aquatic ecosystems.
摘要：
对水生和陆生生物的污染和毒性的日益关注主要是由于水生暴露引起的，并对环境系统和人类健康构成风险。这项研究解决了镉（Cd）和酮洛芬（KPF）的共同毒性作用，代表重金属和药品排放污染物，分别,在水生生态系统中。使用斑马鱼胚胎进行了96小时的急性毒性评估。结果表明，高剂量的KPF（10、15和100µg/mL）和Cd（10和15µg/mL）会降低生存能力，并导致浓度依赖性畸形，例如脊柱侧凸和卵黄囊水肿。这些发现突出了发育和新陈代谢的潜在缺陷，溶血试验证明了对血细胞完整性的剂量依赖性影响。此外，这项研究使用成年斑马鱼对Cd和KPF（10和100µg/L）单独或组合（1010和100100µg/L）进行42天的慢性暴露，以评估组织样本中器官特异性Cd和KPF的积累。器官特异性积累模式强调了影响呼吸的复杂相互作用，新陈代谢，和排毒功能。长时间暴露会诱导活性氧的形成，损害抗氧化剂防御系统。组织学检查揭示了g的结构变化，胃肠,肾,和肝脏组织，提示呼吸损伤，渗透调节，营养,和免疫功能。这项研究强调了对共同毒性效应进行广泛研究的重要性，以协助进行环境风险评估并保护人类健康和水生生态系统。
