Abstract：
COVID-19 vaccination and acute infection result in cellular and humoral immune responses with various degrees of protection. While most studies have addressed the difference in humoral response between vaccination and acute infection, studies on the cellular response are scarce. We aimed to evaluate differences in immune response among vaccinated patients versus those who had recovered from COVID-19. This was a prospective study in a tertiary medical centre. The vaccinated group included health care workers, who had received a second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine 30 days ago. The recovered group included adults who had recovered from severe COVID-19 infection (<94% saturation in room air) after 3-6 weeks. Serum anti-spike IgG and cytokine levels were taken at entry to the study. Multivariate linear regression models were applied to assess differences in cytokines, controlling for age, sex, BMI, and smoking status. In total, 39 participants were included in each group. The mean age was 53 ±14 years, and 53% of participants were males. Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. Based on multivariate analysis, serum levels of IL-6 (β=-0.4, p<0.01), TNFα (β=-0.3, p=0.03), IL-8 (β=-0.3, p=0.01), VCAM-1 (β=-0.2, p<0.144), and MMP-7 (β=-0.6, p<0.01) were lower in the vaccinated group compared to the recovered group. Conversely, serum anti-spike IgG levels were lower among the recovered group (124 vs. 208 pg/mL, p<0.001). No correlation was identified between antibody level and any of the cytokines mentioned above. Recovered COVID-19 patients had higher cytokine levels but lower antibody levels compared to vaccinated participants. Given the differences, these cytokines might be of value for future research in this field.
摘要：
COVID-19疫苗接种和急性感染导致具有不同程度保护的细胞和体液免疫反应。虽然大多数研究已经解决了疫苗接种和急性感染之间的体液反应的差异，对细胞反应的研究很少。我们旨在评估接种疫苗的患者与从COVID-19中康复的患者之间的免疫反应差异。这是一项在三级医疗中心进行的前瞻性研究。接种疫苗的人群包括医护人员，30天前接受了第二剂BNT162b2疫苗。康复组包括在3-6周后从严重COVID-19感染(室内空气饱和度<94%)中恢复的成年人。在进入研究时获取血清抗尖峰IgG和细胞因子水平。多元线性回归模型用于评估细胞因子的差异，控制年龄，性别,BMI,和吸烟状况。总的来说,每组39名参与者。平均年龄53±14岁,53%的参与者是男性。两组的基线特征相似。基于多变量分析，血清IL-6水平（β=-0.4，p<0.01），TNFα（β=-0.3，p=0.03），IL-8（β=-0.3，p=0.01），VCAM-1（β=-0.2，p<0.144），与恢复组相比,接种组的MMP-7(β=-0.6,p<0.01)更低。相反，血清抗尖峰IgG水平在恢复组中较低(124vs.208pg/mL,p<0.001)。在抗体水平和上述任何细胞因子之间没有鉴定出相关性。与接种疫苗的参与者相比，恢复的COVID-19患者的细胞因子水平较高，但抗体水平较低。鉴于差异,这些细胞因子可能对该领域的未来研究有价值。
