Abstract：
Effort and the perception of effort (PE) have been extensively studied across disciplines, resulting in multiple definitions. These inconsistencies block scientific progress by impeding effective communication between and within fields. Here, we present an integrated perspective of effort and PE that is applicable to both physical and cognitive activities. We define effort as the energy utilized to perform an action. This definition can be applied to biological entities performing various voluntary or involuntary activities, irrespective of whether the effort contributes to goal achievement. Then, we define PE as the instantaneous experience of utilizing energy to perform an action. This definition builds on that of effort without conflating it with other subjective experiences. We explore the nature of effort and PE as constructs and variables and highlight key considerations in their measurement. Our integrated perspective aims to facilitate a deeper understanding of these constructs, refine research methodologies, and promote interdisciplinary collaborations.
摘要：
努力和对努力的感知(PE)已经被广泛地跨学科研究，导致多个定义。这些不一致通过阻碍领域之间和领域内的有效沟通来阻碍科学进步。这里,我们提出了努力和体育的综合视角，适用于身体和认知活动。我们将努力定义为用于执行动作的能量。该定义可适用于进行各种自愿或非自愿活动的生物实体，无论努力是否有助于实现目标。然后，我们将PE定义为利用能量执行动作的瞬时体验。这个定义建立在努力的基础上，而不是将其与其他主观经验混为一谈。我们探讨了努力和体育作为结构和变量的性质，并强调了测量中的关键考虑因素。我们的综合观点旨在促进对这些结构的更深入的理解，完善研究方法，促进跨学科合作。
