Abstract：
BACKGROUND: We conducted a meta-analysis and qualitative review on the randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation on fear extinction and the return of fear in non-primate animals and humans.
METHODS: The meta-analysis was conducted by searching PubMed, Web of science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library and extracting fear response in the active and sham groups in the randomized controlled trials. The pooled effect size was quantified by Hedges\' g using a three-level meta-analytic model in R.
RESULTS: We identified 18 articles on the tDCS effect and 5 articles on the TMS effect, with 466 animal subjects and 621 human subjects. Our findings show that tDCS of the prefrontal cortex significantly inhibit fear retrieval in animal models (Hedges\' g = -0.50). In human studies, TMS targeting the dorsolateral/ventromedial prefrontal cortex has an inhibiting effect on the return of fear (Hedges\' g = -0.24).
CONCLUSIONS: The limited number of studies and the heterogeneous designs of the selected studies made cross-study and cross-species comparison difficult.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings shed light on the optimal non-invasive brain stimulation protocols for targeting the neural circuitry of threat extinction in humans.
METHODS: The meta-analysis was conducted by searching PubMed, Web of science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library and extracting fear response in the active and sham groups in the randomized controlled trials. The pooled effect size was quantified by Hedges\' g using a three-level meta-analytic model in R.
RESULTS: We identified 18 articles on the tDCS effect and 5 articles on the TMS effect, with 466 animal subjects and 621 human subjects. Our findings show that tDCS of the prefrontal cortex significantly inhibit fear retrieval in animal models (Hedges\' g = -0.50). In human studies, TMS targeting the dorsolateral/ventromedial prefrontal cortex has an inhibiting effect on the return of fear (Hedges\' g = -0.24).
CONCLUSIONS: The limited number of studies and the heterogeneous designs of the selected studies made cross-study and cross-species comparison difficult.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings shed light on the optimal non-invasive brain stimulation protocols for targeting the neural circuitry of threat extinction in humans.
摘要：
背景：我们对研究经颅直流电刺激和经颅磁刺激对非灵长类动物和人类恐惧消退和恐惧恢复的影响的随机对照试验进行了荟萃分析和定性综述。
方法：通过搜索PubMed，WebofScience,PsycINFO,和Cochrane库，并在随机对照试验中提取活动组和假手术组的恐惧反应。合并效应大小通过Hedges\'g使用R中的三级荟萃分析模型进行量化。
结果：我们确定了18篇关于tDCS效应的文章和5篇关于TMS效应的文章，466名动物受试者和621名人类受试者。我们的发现表明，在动物模型中，前额叶皮层的tDCS显着抑制恐惧恢复（Hedges\'g=-0.50）。在人类研究中,针对背外侧/腹内侧前额叶皮质的TMS对恐惧的恢复具有抑制作用（Hedges\'g=-0.24）。
结论：有限的研究数量和所选研究的异质性设计使得交叉研究和跨物种比较困难。
结论：我们的发现揭示了针对人类威胁灭绝的神经回路的最佳非侵入性脑刺激方案。
方法：通过搜索PubMed，WebofScience,PsycINFO,和Cochrane库，并在随机对照试验中提取活动组和假手术组的恐惧反应。合并效应大小通过Hedges\'g使用R中的三级荟萃分析模型进行量化。
结果：我们确定了18篇关于tDCS效应的文章和5篇关于TMS效应的文章，466名动物受试者和621名人类受试者。我们的发现表明，在动物模型中，前额叶皮层的tDCS显着抑制恐惧恢复（Hedges\'g=-0.50）。在人类研究中,针对背外侧/腹内侧前额叶皮质的TMS对恐惧的恢复具有抑制作用（Hedges\'g=-0.24）。
结论：有限的研究数量和所选研究的异质性设计使得交叉研究和跨物种比较困难。
结论：我们的发现揭示了针对人类威胁灭绝的神经回路的最佳非侵入性脑刺激方案。
