Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cytokine levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17a, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontal sites in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and analyze their relationship with clinical periodontal parameters.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 49 DS patients and 32 individuals without DS (non-DS group). Periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP), and visible plaque index (VPI) were evaluated. The periodontal sites were classified as shallow, moderate, and deep. GCF was collected in all shallow sites and, when present, in moderate and deep sites for the analysis of cytokine levels. The cytokines, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17a, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, were quantified using the Luminex® automatic analyzer system.
RESULTS: The DS group presented greater severity of periodontitis compared to the non-DS group (P = 0.005). The DS group showed a significant direct correlation of IL-1β and an inverse correlation of IFN-γ and IL-14 with all periodontal variables. In the analysis stratified by periodontal pocket depth, we observed a higher level of IFN-γ, IL-17a, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the shallow sites, and IL-17a, IL-1β, and IL-6 in deep pockets of DS group individuals. Multivariate models showed that higher levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17a were associated with Down syndrome even after adjusting for periodontal status, sex, and age.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that people with DS have greater periodontal impairment and higher levels of cytokines in GCF, even in sites having clinical periodontal parameters similar to those of individuals without DS. These data reiterate the concept of an altered and less effective immune response in the population with DS in the face of a periodontal microbial challenge.
CONCLUSIONS: Elevated periodontal inflammation burden can be observed with higher cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of people with Down syndrome, especially IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17, regardless of the stage of periodontitis.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 49 DS patients and 32 individuals without DS (non-DS group). Periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP), and visible plaque index (VPI) were evaluated. The periodontal sites were classified as shallow, moderate, and deep. GCF was collected in all shallow sites and, when present, in moderate and deep sites for the analysis of cytokine levels. The cytokines, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17a, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, were quantified using the Luminex® automatic analyzer system.
RESULTS: The DS group presented greater severity of periodontitis compared to the non-DS group (P = 0.005). The DS group showed a significant direct correlation of IL-1β and an inverse correlation of IFN-γ and IL-14 with all periodontal variables. In the analysis stratified by periodontal pocket depth, we observed a higher level of IFN-γ, IL-17a, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the shallow sites, and IL-17a, IL-1β, and IL-6 in deep pockets of DS group individuals. Multivariate models showed that higher levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17a were associated with Down syndrome even after adjusting for periodontal status, sex, and age.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that people with DS have greater periodontal impairment and higher levels of cytokines in GCF, even in sites having clinical periodontal parameters similar to those of individuals without DS. These data reiterate the concept of an altered and less effective immune response in the population with DS in the face of a periodontal microbial challenge.
CONCLUSIONS: Elevated periodontal inflammation burden can be observed with higher cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of people with Down syndrome, especially IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17, regardless of the stage of periodontitis.
摘要：
目的：评估白细胞介素（IL）-1β的细胞因子水平，IL-4,IL-6,IL-17a,肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α，唐氏综合征（DS）患者牙周部位龈沟液（GCF）中的干扰素（IFN）-γ，并分析其与临床牙周参数的关系。
方法：对49名DS患者和32名无DS患者（非DS组）进行了横断面研究。牙周探诊深度(PPD),临床依恋水平(CAL)，探查出血（BoP），并对可见菌斑指数(VPI)进行评价。牙周部位被归类为浅，中度,和深。在所有浅层地点收集了GCF，当存在时,在中度和深度部位进行细胞因子水平分析。细胞因子，IL-1β,IL-4,IL-6,IL-17a,TNF-α,和IFN-γ，使用Luminex®自动分析仪系统进行定量。
结果：与非DS组相比，DS组牙周炎的严重程度更高（P=0.005）。DS组显示IL-1β的显着直接相关，IFN-γ和IL-14与所有牙周变量呈负相关。在按牙周袋深度分层的分析中，我们观察到较高水平的IFN-γ，IL-17a,IL-1β,和IL-6在浅层位置，和IL-17a,IL-1β,和IL-6在DS组个体的深口袋中。多变量模型显示，较高水平的IL-1β，IL-4，IL-6和IL-17a与唐氏综合征相关，即使在调整牙周状态后，性别,和年龄。
结论：研究结果表明，DS患者牙周损伤更大，GCF中细胞因子水平更高，即使在临床牙周参数与无DS个体相似的部位。这些数据重申了面对牙周微生物挑战时，DS人群中免疫反应发生改变且效果较差的概念。
结论：在患有唐氏综合征的人的龈沟液中，细胞因子水平升高，可以观察到牙周炎症负担升高。特别是IL-1，IL-4，IL-6和IL-17，无论牙周炎的阶段如何。
方法：对49名DS患者和32名无DS患者（非DS组）进行了横断面研究。牙周探诊深度(PPD),临床依恋水平(CAL)，探查出血（BoP），并对可见菌斑指数(VPI)进行评价。牙周部位被归类为浅，中度,和深。在所有浅层地点收集了GCF，当存在时,在中度和深度部位进行细胞因子水平分析。细胞因子，IL-1β,IL-4,IL-6,IL-17a,TNF-α,和IFN-γ，使用Luminex®自动分析仪系统进行定量。
结果：与非DS组相比，DS组牙周炎的严重程度更高（P=0.005）。DS组显示IL-1β的显着直接相关，IFN-γ和IL-14与所有牙周变量呈负相关。在按牙周袋深度分层的分析中，我们观察到较高水平的IFN-γ，IL-17a,IL-1β,和IL-6在浅层位置，和IL-17a,IL-1β,和IL-6在DS组个体的深口袋中。多变量模型显示，较高水平的IL-1β，IL-4，IL-6和IL-17a与唐氏综合征相关，即使在调整牙周状态后，性别,和年龄。
结论：研究结果表明，DS患者牙周损伤更大，GCF中细胞因子水平更高，即使在临床牙周参数与无DS个体相似的部位。这些数据重申了面对牙周微生物挑战时，DS人群中免疫反应发生改变且效果较差的概念。
结论：在患有唐氏综合征的人的龈沟液中，细胞因子水平升高，可以观察到牙周炎症负担升高。特别是IL-1，IL-4，IL-6和IL-17，无论牙周炎的阶段如何。
