Abstract：
This paper investigates the potential of graphene-coated sand (GCS) as an advanced filtration medium for improving water quality and mitigating chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in treated municipal wastewater, aiming to enhance water reuse. The study utilizes three types of sand (Ottawa, masonry, and concrete) coated with graphene to assess the impact of surface morphology, particle shape, and chemical composition on coating and filtration efficiency. Additionally, sand coated with graphene and activated graphene coated sand were both tested to understand the effect of coating and activation on the filtration process. The materials were characterized using digital microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis. The material\'s efficiency in removing turbidity, nutrients, chemical oxygen demand (COD), bacteria, and specific CECs (Aciclovir, Diatrizoic acid, Levodopa, Miconazole, Carbamazepine, Diphenhydramine, Irbesartan, Lidocaine, Losartan, and Sulfamethoxazole) was studied. Our findings indicate that GCS significantly improves water quality parameters, with notable efficiency in removing turbidity, COD (14.1 % and 69.1 % removal), and bacterial contaminants (64.9 % and 99.9 % removal). The study also highlights the material\'s capacity to remove challenging CECs like Sulfamethoxazole (up to 80 % removal) and Diphenhydramine (up to 90 % removal), showcasing its potential as a sustainable solution for water reuse applications. This research contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive evaluation of GCS in water treatment, suggesting its potential for removing CECs from treated municipal wastewater.
摘要：
本文研究了石墨烯涂层砂（GCS）作为一种先进的过滤介质的潜力，用于改善水质和缓解处理过的市政废水中新兴关注的化学物质（CEC）。旨在加强水回用。这项研究利用了三种类型的沙子(渥太华，砌筑,和混凝土）涂有石墨烯，以评估表面形态的影响，粒子形状,和化学成分对涂层和过滤效率的影响。此外,对石墨烯涂层砂和活化石墨烯涂层砂进行了测试，以了解涂层和活化对过滤过程的影响。使用数字显微镜对材料进行了表征，拉曼光谱,扫描电子显微镜（SEM），和X射线衍射分析。材料去除浊度的效率，营养素,化学需氧量(COD),细菌,和特定的CECs(阿昔洛韦，泛鼠酸,左旋多巴,咪康唑,卡马西平,苯海拉明,厄贝沙坦,利多卡因,氯沙坦,和磺胺甲恶唑）进行了研究。我们的研究结果表明，GCS显着改善水质参数，除浊效率高，COD（去除率为14.1%和69.1%），和细菌污染物（64.9%和99.9%的去除率）。该研究还强调了该材料去除具有挑战性的CEC的能力，如磺胺甲恶唑（去除高达80％）和苯海拉明（去除高达90％），展示其作为水回用应用的可持续解决方案的潜力。本研究通过提供水处理中GCS的综合评价，为该领域做出了贡献。表明其从处理过的市政废水中去除CEC的潜力。
